Investigation of the Formation of High Molecular Hydrocarbons and Soot in Premixed Hydrocarbon‐Oxygen Flames

Bockhorn, Henning; Fetting, F.; Wenz, H.

doi:10.1002/bbpc.19830871121

Cited by 269 publications

(124 citation statements)

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“…Therefore these incompletely oxidized species such as CO, H 2 and small, intermediate hydrocarbon species including acetylene, ethene, propene and others then react to produce soot [17][18][19] which is later consumed in a diffusion flame environment 19 farther downstream of the ignition region. The same unsaturated hydrocarbon species have been identified as major contributors to soot production in both diesel engines and laboratory flames [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] .…”

Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We rely largely on the soot modeling work of Frenklach 22,23 , which is based in turn on many careful and thorough experimental soot evolution studies, including particularly [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] . The overall picture of soot kinetics that emerges from these studies is that small aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, pyrene and styrene are produced from small unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene, ethene, propene, allene, propyne, and cyclopentadiene, as well as resonantly stabilized hydrocarbon radical species such as propargyl, allyl, and cyclopentadienyl 31 .…”

Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study of the Effects of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons on Soot Emissions from Diesel Engines

2006

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A detailed chemical kinetic modeling approach is used to examine the phenomenon of suppression of sooting in diesel engines by addition of oxygenated hydrocarbon species to the fuel. This suppression, which has been observed experimentally for a few years, is explained kinetically as a reduction in concentrations of soot precursors present in the hot products of a fuel-rich diesel ignition zone when oxygenates are included. Oxygenates decrease the overall equivalence ratio of the igniting mixture, producing higher ignition temperatures and more radical species to consume more soot precursor species, leading to lower soot production. The kinetic model is also used to show how different oxygenates, ester structures in particular, can have different soot-suppression efficiencies due to differences in molecular structure of the oxygenated species.4

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Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modeling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study of the Effects of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons on Soot Emissions from Diesel Engines

2006

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“…Distinctions between the supercritical phase and gas phase are particularly pronounced for the reactions of PAH formation and growth. Studies in our laboratory with toluene demonstrate that acetylene-addition mechanisms [13][14][15]--widely applicable to high-temperature gas-phase combustion systems-do not hold for the lower temperatures and higher pressures of the supercritical fuel pyrolysis environment, as no acetylene is formed [16,17]. We thus see that reaction pathways and reaction kinetics in the supercritical phase are substantially different from those in the gas or liquid phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis

Womat

Somers²,

McClaine³

et al. 2007

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the tane for reviewing instnictons. searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and comnpleting and reviewing this coltlction of information. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)AFOSR SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTSupercritical pyrolysis experiments were conducted with three model fuels at temperatures up to 585 °C and pressures up to 110 atm. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorbance and mass spectrometric detection, a technique ideally suited for the isomer-specific analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which can serve as precursors to carbonaceous solids. Thirty-nine individual 2-to 9-ring PAH were identified in the supercritical 1-methylnaphthalene pyrolysis products-seventeen of which, for the first time.Reaction pathways involving l-naphthylmethyl, methyl, and naphthyl radicals were developed to account for the formation of the observed PAH products and explain why unobserved PAH were not formed in the supercritical I -methylnaphthalene pyrolysis environment. Likewise, reaction pathways involving benzyl, methyl, and phenyl radicals were developed that accounted for the formation of the forty-four individual PAH identified as supercritical toluene pyrolysis products and explained why unobserved PAH were not formed. The PAH product distribution from methylcyclohexane was extremely similar to that of toluene, indicating that the PAH formation mechanisms devised for toluene applied to supercritical methylcyclohexane as well.

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“…4 Besides health and ecological issues, soot also plays an inconvenient role in the energy generation from combustion processes. [5][6][7] In general, the presence of soot diminishes the overall efficiency of the combustion processes. Soot production is associated to the cracking reactions of hydrocarbon chains that generate carbon solid clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Influence of Biodiesel in Soot Emissions of Diesel Laminar Diffusion Flames

Tolomelli¹,

Barreta²,

Lacava³

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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In this work the presence of soot in laminar diffusion of diesel and blends diesel/biodiesel flames were investigated in the following proportions: 5, 10, 20 and 50% of biodiesel. The technique of laser-induced incandescence (LII) was used for the soot detection. Horizontal mapping were performed at two heights (80 and 260 mm above the burner) to investigate the distribution of soot along the studied flames. The experiment was performed with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm. The results have shown that the soot emission decreases as the amount of biodiesel increases in the blends. Keywords: laser-induced incandescence, soot, biodiesel, combustion IntroductionDiesel engines are currently the largest source of power generation in the planet. They are widely used in quite different areas, as transportation and mining machinery. They are popular due to their high efficiency, low-cost and durability if compared with gasoline and other automotive fuels.1,2 Nevertheless, diesel engines also presents another remarkable feature: they are largely responsible by the emission of soot, one of most pollutants of environment. 3 Soot is basically formed by particles of impure carbon, with diameter from 10 to 50 nm. Due to its small size, soot particles can penetrate in the lung alveolus of human beings causing serious respiratory and cardiac diseases. 4 Besides health and ecological issues, soot also plays an inconvenient role in the energy generation from combustion processes. [5][6][7] In general, the presence of soot diminishes the overall efficiency of the combustion processes. Soot production is associated to the cracking reactions of hydrocarbon chains that generate carbon solid clusters. These reactions are carried out in gaseous phase and compete directly with the mechanism of oxidation of hydrocarbons that are responsible to the energy release. 8It means that soot is preferentially formed in fuel-rich and high temperature combustion flames, as diffusive flames. These flames are largely used as industrial energy sources. In diffusive flames, as the fuel is burned using only the oxygen available from surroundings, soot presence is higher than the other kind of flames, like premixed ones In some specific applications, like boiler devices, however, a moderate amount of soot is desirable, as its presence increases the heat transfer rate.7 Soot is also quite important in the production of carbon black, which is employed as active filler in rubber products and as component of printing paints.Among the strategies to reduce soot emission from diesel engines, recently a vegetable fuel, known as biodiesel, has been developed. 9 Biodiesel is a kind of biofuel made by alkyl esters from long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fat. Biodiesel shows a better flammability if compared to other biofuels, and can replace the diesel oil, or diesel/biodiesel blends, in compression ignition engines without significant changes. 10It also presents the following advantages over pure diesel: there are no a...

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Investigation of the Formation of High Molecular Hydrocarbons and Soot in Premixed Hydrocarbon‐Oxygen Flames

Cited by 269 publications

References 12 publications

Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study of the Effects of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons on Soot Emissions from Diesel Engines

Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study of the Effects of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons on Soot Emissions from Diesel Engines

Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis

Study of the Influence of Biodiesel in Soot Emissions of Diesel Laminar Diffusion Flames

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