Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater resources in the Zanjan plain, NW Iran

Hussainzadeh, J.; Samani, Saeideh; Mahaqi, Ali

doi:10.1007/s12665-023-10790-w

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…For decades, the quality of the world's water has been progressively deteriorating due to both anthropogenic and natural factors [53]. Before confirming groundwater's suitability for drinking, it is crucial to assess its quality across the three categories of chemical, biological, and physical parameters, considering both natural quality and intended usage, which can potentially impact the environment [54][55][56][57]. The objective for assessing the quality of water is to identify pollution sources and strategize for managing water resources to explain the water quality in a comprehensible manner while maintaining its scientific foundation [58].…”

Section: R E T R a C T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Masood,

Rashid,

Haider

et al. 2023

Water

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Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. At the same time, anthropogenic activities, in particular, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and excessive application of fertilizers, are some of the major reasons for groundwater quality deterioration. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate groundwater quality by using integrated water quality indices and a geospatial approach to identify the different water quality zones and propose management strategies for the improvement of groundwater quality. Groundwater quality was evaluated through the physicochemical parameters (pH, chloride (Cl−), fluoride(F−), iron (Fe−2), nitrate (NO3−1), nitrite (NO2), arsenic (As), total hardness, bicarbonate (HCO3−), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), color, taste, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS)) and microbiological parameters including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli of samples collected from the water and sanitation agency (WASA) and urban units. Irrigation parameters crucial to the assessment, including (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)), were also collected at more than 1100 sites within the study area of upper and central Punjab. After collecting the data of physicochemical parameters, the analysis of data was initiated to compute the water quality index for groundwater quality, a four-step protocol in which the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weights of selected parameters by generating a pairwise matrix, on the relative importance of parameters using the Satty scale. The index was then classified into five classes for quality assessment of drinking water (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad) and four classes for irrigation water quality assessment (excellent, good, permissible, and unsuitable). After computing the index values for drinking as well as irrigation purposes, the values were interpolated, and various maps were developed to identify the status of groundwater quality in different zones of the study area. Mitigation strategies for water pollution involve source control, such as monitoring industrial discharge points and managing waste properly. Additionally, treating wastewater through primary, secondary, or tertiary stages significantly improves water quality, reducing contaminants like heavy metals, microbiological agents, and chemical ions, safeguarding water resources. The findings highlight significant regional variations in water quality issues, with heavy metal concerns concentrated notably in Lahore and widespread emerging microbiological contamination across all studied divisions. This suggests a systemic problem linked to untreated industrial effluents and poorly managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions indicate water quality ranging from marginal to unfit, underscoring the urgency for remediation. Conversely, other divisions fall within a medium class, potentially suitable for drinking purposes. Notably, microbiological contamination at 27% poses a major challenge for water supply agencies, emphasizing the critical need for pre-disposal primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. These treatments could potentially rehabilitate 9%, 35%, and 41% of the study area, respectively, pointing toward tangible, scalable solutions critical for safeguarding broader water resources and public health. With the current pace of water quality deterioration, access to drinking water is a major problem for the public. The government should prioritize implementing strict monitoring mechanisms for industrial effluent discharge, emphasizing proper waste management to curb groundwater contamination. Establishing comprehensive pre-disposal treatments, especially primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, is imperative to address the prevalent heavy metal and microbiological issues, potentially rehabilitating up to 41% of affected areas. Additionally, creating proactive policies and allocating resources for sustainable groundwater management are crucial steps for ensuring broader water resource security and public health in the face of deteriorating water quality. Therefore, urgent regional action is needed to address escalating anthropogenic threats to groundwater, emphasizing the crucial need for proactive measures to safeguard public health and ensure sustainable water resources.

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Section: R E T R a C T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Masood,

Rashid,

Haider

et al. 2023

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the vast topography of QB, there are spatial and seasonal differences in surface water and groundwater. Various internal and external factors, such as hydrogeology, geology, water-rock interactions, weathering and mineral dissolution, localized precipitation, evaporation rates, and water vapor sources [23], have significantly influenced hydrochemistry and isotopes. Further research is needed to identify these differences and their attributions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characteristics and the Spatiotemporal Differences of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Qaidam Basin, China

Yang,

Wei,

Shi

2023

Water

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In the context of climate change, precipitation and runoff in the arid inland basins of northwest China have undergone significant changes. The Qaidam Basin (QB) is a typical highland arid inland area. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations in surface water and groundwater chemistry and isotopes, as well as their causes, is crucial for future water resource management and ecological protection. Samples of river, lake, and groundwater, as well as others, were collected and tested in five typical watersheds in the summer and winter. The hydrochemistry and isotopic spatiotemporal differences in various water bodies were studied using the significant difference method, water vapor flux models, hydrochemistry, isotopes, and other methods for cause analyses. The results indicate the following: (1) There are differences in hydrochemistry between the southern and northern basins because the southern basin is more influenced by the dissolution of salt rocks and evaporation, whereas the northern basin is mainly affected by carbonate weathering. (2) The enrichment of δD and δ18O in the northern basin gradually increases from west to east, while in the southern basin, it is the opposite. This is because the southern basin receives a larger contribution of water vapor from the mid-latitude westerlies, while the northern basin primarily relies on local evaporation as its water vapor source. (3) Significant differences are observed in the total dissolved solids (TDS) and hydrochemical types of river water and groundwater between the summer and winter due to higher rates of rock weathering and evaporation in the summer. (4) The more pronounced seasonal differences in hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in the southern basin are due to higher rates of internal water vapor circulation in the summer. (5) The similarity in characteristics between river water and groundwater is the result of strong exchanges between river water and groundwater from piedmonts to terminals. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of terminal lakes is attributed to the accumulation of salts and groundwater replenishment from other sources.

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“…Also, paleochannels may act as pathways for saltwater intrusion into these aquifers. The geochemical reactions and salinization of aquifers in general are key to their availability as a resource [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Offshore groundwater may become important as coastal development continues and sea levels rise [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Muddy Paleochannels and Implications for Submarine Groundwater Discharge near Charleston, South Carolina, USA

et al. 2023

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The spatial variations in Quaternary sediments on the inner continental shelf are produced by the progression of depositional environments during the latest sea-level rise, and this sedimentary architecture plays a fundamental role in controlling groundwater discharge. However, coincident seismic mapping, sediment cores, and hydrological studies are rare. Here, we combine high-resolution, 0.5–10 kHz, high-frequency seismic profiles with sediment cores to examine the nature of the sediment deposits, including paleochannels, where submarine groundwater discharge has also been studied in a 150 km2 area of the inner shelf north of Charleston, South Carolina. We used high-frequency seismic reflection to interpret seismic facies boundaries, including 16 paleochannel crossings, to 20 km offshore. From 13 vibracores taken at the intersections of the seismic lines, we defined seven lithofacies representative of specific depositional environments. The paleochannels that we cored contain thick layers of structureless mud sometimes interbedded with silt, and mud is common in several of the nearshore cores. Our results indicate that paleochannels are often mud-lined or filled in this area and were most likely former estuarine channels. Neither the paleochannels nor a mud layer were found farther than 11 km off the present shoreline. This offshore distance coincides with the strongest pulses of groundwater discharge, emerging just beyond the paleochannels. This suggests that the muddy paleochannel system acts as a confining layer for submarine groundwater flow.

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Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater resources in the Zanjan plain, NW Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 111 publications

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

RETRACTED: Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characteristics and the Spatiotemporal Differences of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Qaidam Basin, China

Small Muddy Paleochannels and Implications for Submarine Groundwater Discharge near Charleston, South Carolina, USA

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