Investigation of the influence of lineaments, lineament intersections and geology on groundwater yield in the basement complex terrain of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract

The influence of lineaments, lineament intersections and geology on the groundwater yield of the basement terrain of Ondo State was investigated using optical remote sensing data, Aster DEM, geology, and borehole yield data. Landsat-7 ETM+ and Aster DEM were processed to generate composite lineament map. The study area was traversed by five (5) main lineament populations trending N-S, NE-SW, E-W, ENE-WSW, NNW-SSE. Boreholes sited on lineament exhibited a yield range of between 0.8 and 1.28 l/s with an average yield of 1.04 l/s. Boreholes sited close to lineament gave groundwater yield values of between 0.5 and 1.28 l/s and an average yield of 1 l/s, while boreholes located outside lineament gave groundwater yield range of between 0.2 and 1.26 l/s with an average yield of 0.98 l/s. The investigation of the hydrogeological characteristics of the lithologies by superimposing the yield data showed average yield of 0.98 l/s for migmatite gneiss biotite granite undifferentiated (M), 1.01 l/s for porphyritic granite (OGp), 1.03 l/s for medium-to coarse-grained (OGe), 1.17 l/s for pelitic schist undifferentiated (Su), 1.24 l/s for quartz schist and quartzite (Eq), 1.12 l/s for older granite undifferentiated (OGu), 0.5 l/s for slightly migmatised medium-grained granite-gneiss (gg) and 1.23 l/s for fine-grained flaggy quartzite and schists (Sf). The study concluded that borehole data located on or near lineaments or at intersection of lineaments gave higher yields more than those located before lineaments or outside lineaments, while quartz schist and quartzite exhibited the highest average groundwater yield of all the lithological units.Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Hydrochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria

“…Hydrogeological studies of the pre-Cretaceous Basement Complex Formations of Nigeria (Akinluyi et al 2018;Anderson and Ogilbee 1973;Olorunfemi and Oni 2019), revealed an average borehole yield of 14.67 gallons per sec (gps) from a mean depths of 37.49 m. Though, few boreholes in the unweathered rock, typically granite or gneiss produced more than a meager amount of water; in many wells, no water was found (Anderson and Ogilbee 1973). In contrast, wells tapping weathered granite and gneiss, where fully saturated, are found to yield the highest quantity of water (51.67 gps); the average yield for boreholes tapping battered rock was estimated to be around 23.33 gps per borehole (Anderson and Ogilbee 1973).…”

“…3 The geological cross section of Sokoto Basin and the normal depth to water stand at about 6 m (Anderson and Ogilbee 1973). Generally, groundwater condition in the basement section of Sokoto Basin is typical of the Nigerian Basement Complex described by (Akinluyi et al 2018;Olorunfemi and Oni 2019).…”

“…This kind of poor yields is also characteristic of Basement Complex Formation of Nigeria. Such low yield zone results from aquifers of weathered or fractured materials, with limited areal scope, such that during pumping or well development the spreading cone of depression hits the highly indurated frontier rocks in a short time (Akinluyi et al 2018;Anderson and Ogilbee 1973;Olorunfemi and Oni 2019). The water level, or the drawdown, drops sharply and steadily decrease the yield per individual boreholes.…”

“…High yields can be attained in some areas in the Basement Complex, contingent on the tectonics in those areas. Despite the poor yields, boreholes and hand-dug wells in Basement Complex zones are sufficient to sustain hand pumps, in rural water supply programs (Akinluyi et al 2018;Anderson and Ogilbee 1973;Olorunfemi and Oni 2019). Figure 4 illustrates a typical lithologic section of the study area.…”

“…Improved water supply which is one of the essentials for a healthy living has been constrained by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities (Vijay et al 2011;Qin et al 2013;Chen et al 2016;Chitsazan et al 2019) and by lesser extent natural conditions (Izah et al 2016;Makinde et al 2017;Zadawa and Omran 2018). Characterization of groundwater in Nigeria, is further constrained by lack of data, especially from Basement Complex areas of northern Nigeria (Akinluyi et al 2018;Olubusola et al 2018;Oyedele and Olayinka 2019;Tajudeen et al 2019), owing to difficulties associated with groundwater exploration and accessibility (Betzler et al 2017;Muhammad and Saad 2018;Oyeyemi and Aizebeokhai 2018;Ahmed and Mansor 2018).…”