Investigation of the interactions between Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers extract and intestinal bacteria from human and rat

Abstract

Flos Chrysanthemi, dried flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, has drawn much attention recently owing to its potential beneficial health effects for human. Flos Chrysanthemi products are usually taken orally and metabolized by intestinal microflora. However, there has been no investigation of the comprehensive metabolic profile of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora owing to its chemical complexity and the limitations of analytical methods. In this paper, a rapid, sensitive and automated analysis method, ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry including MS technology and automated data processing Metabolynx™ software, was developed and successfully applied for the biotransformation and metabolic profile of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora from human and rat. A total of 32 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified in human and rat intestinal bacterial samples. These metabolites indicated that hydrolysis, hydroxylation, acetylation, methylation, hydrogenation and deoxygenation were the major conversion pathways of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract on the growth of different intestinal bacteria were detected using an Emax precision microplate reader. Certain pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacteroides were significantly inhibited by Flos Chrysanthemi, while commensal probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were moderately promoted. Our observation provided further evidence for the importance of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism and potential activity of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract. The results will also be helpful for the further pharmacokinetic study of Flos Chrysanthemi and to unravel how it works in vivo.

Urinary excretion of silibinin diastereoisomers and their conjugated metabolites in rat and human at different dosages

“…Compared with other studies on metabolic differences between species (Lattanzio et al, 2011; Meyer et al, 2010), two reasons might be responsible for our results. First, the metabolic enzymes differ between the two species, such as CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 for intestinal bacteria (Hagenauer et al, 2001; Tao et al, 2016; Xue et al, 2011). Second, the transporters in the liver and intestinal cell membrane are different.…”

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat extract and probiotics combination ameliorates metabolic disorders through regulating gut microbiota and PPARα subcellular localization

“…[ 37 ]. Previous in vitro study found that ethanol extract from C. morifolium flowers inhibited the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria but moderately promoted the growth of commensal probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [ 16 ]. A further study demonstrated that oral administration of polysaccharides from C. morifolium could be an effective treatment for ulcerative colitis.…”

“…Luteolin, a major component of C. morifolium extract, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial effects, and its ability to alleviate LPS-induced liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation [ 15 ]. In addition, ethanol extract from C. morifolium flowers has been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in vitro [ 16 ], while the aqueous extract from the flower heads of C. morifolium displayed its anti-inflammation effect in macrophages [ 17 ]. However, there is a lack of studies on their impacts on gut microbiota, and the function of aqueous extract from C. morifolium flowers on glucose metabolism is unknown.…”

Traditional Chinese Medicine Compounds Containing Lonicera japonica, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Siraitia grosvenorii Inhibits the Growth of Streptococcus mutans

“…A previous study has reported that two active substances obtained from flowers of Lonicera japonica , 7-acetyl-8,9-dihydroxy thymol, and 7,8-dihydroxy-9-buyryl thymol play antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Micrococcus luteus , and Bacillus cereus [ 26 , 27 ]. Chrysanthemum morifolium extract represses the growth of different intestinal pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterobacter , Enterococcus , Clostridium , and Bacteroides [ 28 ]. The bioactive compounds aloe emodin, aloe-emodin acetate, and 5 α ,8 α -epidioxy-24(R)-methylcholesta-6,22-dien-3 β -ol and p-hydroxyl benzyl acid, extracted from Siraitia grosvenorii leaves limits the growth of oral bacterial species S .mutans , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Fusobacterium nucleatum , and the yeast Candida albicans [ 29 ].…”