Investigation of the K-Mg-Ca Sulfate System as Part of Monitoring Problematic Phase Formations in Renewable-Energy Power Plants

Tesfaye, Fiseha; Lindberg, Daniel; Moroz, Mykola; Hupa, Leena

doi:10.3390/en13205366

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The calculations and assessments were performed using the FactSage 7.1 software package [38]. Details on the optimization method were described in our recent openly accessible article [39].…”

Section: Thermodynamic Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

et al. 2022

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Thermal stabilities of selected ternary phases of industrial interest in the Ag-Cu-S system have been studied by the calorimetric and electromotive force techniques. The ternary compounds Ag1.2Cu0.8S (mineral mackinstryite) and AgCuS (mineral stromeyerite) were equilibrated through high-temperature reaction of the pure Cu2S and Ag2S in an inert atmosphere. The synthesized single solid sample constituting the two ternary phases was ground into fine powders and lightly pressed into pellets before calorimetric measurements. An electrochemical cell incorporating the two equilibrated phase and additional CuS as a cathode material was employed. The measurement results obtained with both techniques were analyzed and thermodynamic properties in the system have been determined and compared with the available literature values. Enthalpy of fusion data of the Ag-richer solid solution (Ag,Cu)2S have also been determined directly from the experimental data for the first time. The thermodynamic quantities determined in this work can be used to calculate thermal energy of processes involving the Ag-Cu-S-ternary phases. By applying the obtained results and the critically evaluated literature data, we have developed a thermodynamic database. The self-developed database was combined with the latest pure substances database of the FactSage software package to model the phase diagram of the Ag2S-Cu2S system.

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Section: Thermodynamic Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the TGA curves in Figure 7 show, mass loss of the sample upon heating and cooling is negligible. Therefore, the overall chemical composition of the analyzed sample was assumed to be constant during the thermal cycles, as indicated in Figure 6, i.e., along the accessible article [39].…”

Section: Dsc Measurement Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

et al. 2022

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“…The temperature of the melt could be not lower than 1000–1020°C, i.e. not lower than the estimated melting point of K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (Morey et al , 1964; Tesfaye et al , 2020 and references therein).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Calciolangbeinite-O, a natural orthorhombic modification of K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃, and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system

Pekov

Zubkova

Galuskina

et al. 2022

MinMag

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Calciolangbeinite, ideally K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , exists in two modifications, cubic and first described in the present paper orthorhombic. They are topologically-similar polymorphs which are considered as the structural varieties of the same mineral species and were named calciolangbeinite-C and calciolangbeinite-O, respectively. Calciolangbeinite-O is the first natural orthorhombic langbeinite-like sulfate. It clearly differs from calciolangbeinite-C in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern, optical data and Raman spectrum. Calciolangbeinite-O is found in sublimates of the active Arsenatnaya fumarole at the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Far Eastern Region, Russia and in pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex at Jabel Harmun (Judean Desert, Palestinian Autonomy) and Har Parsa (Negev Desert), both in Israel.Calciolangbeinite-C is known only in fumarole sublimates at Tolbachik. Calciolangbeinite forms a continuous solid-solution system with langbeinite K 2 Mg 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The most part of the system is represented by cubic phases, and only members with compositions K 2 (Ca 2.0-1.9 Mg 0.0-0.1 )(SO 4 ) 3 have orthorhombic symmetry under room conditions. The crystal structure of calciolangbeinite-O was studied on a single crystal, chemically very close to K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , from Tolbachik (R1 = 2.75%). The unit-cell parameters are: a = 10.3330( 2), b = 10.5027(2), c = 10.1763(2) Å, V = 1104.37(4) Å 3 and Z = 4; space group is P2 1 2 1 2 1 . Calciolangbeinite-O is a low-temperature modification of K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 belonging to the K 2 Cd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 structure type whereas calciolangbeinite-C (space group P2 1 3), a high-temperature modification, has the langbeinite-type structure. Probably significant Mg admixture in calciolangbeinite-C from Tolbachik can stabilize its cubic structure at room temperature. In both high-temperature fumaroles and pyrometamorphic rocks calciolangbeinite crystallizes definitely in cubic modification and during cooling its chemical variety close to the end-member K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 undergoes phase transition to calciolangbeinite-O whilst the Mg-enriched varieties of the mineral remain calciolangbeinite-C.

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“…The investigations of the deposits showed that sulfur usually occurs in the second deposit layer, and its content reaches a high value, and the quantity of deposits does not decide the rate of corrosion. Moreover, the presence of K2SO4 is an additional factor that could influence the behavior of the eutectics [33]. It is possible to mitigate the corrosion potential of the fuel by applying carefully selected fuel mixtures [36] or fuel valorization techniques.…”

Section: The Problem Of the Fire-side Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review

Hardy

Arora²,

Pawlak-Kruczek

et al. 2021

Energies

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The use of low-emission combustion technologies in power boilers has contributed to a significant increase in the rate of high-temperature corrosion in boilers and increased risk of failure. The use of low quality biomass and waste, caused by the current policies pressing on the decarbonization of the energy generation sector, might exacerbate this problem. Additionally, all of the effects of the valorization techniques on the inorganic fraction of the solid fuel have become an additional uncertainty. As a result, fast and reliable corrosion diagnostic techniques are slowly becoming a necessity to maintain the security of the energy supply for the power grid. Non-destructive testing methods (NDT) are helpful in detecting these threats. The most important NDT methods, which can be used to assess the degree of corrosion of boiler tubes, detection of the tubes’ surface roughness and the internal structural defects, have been presented in the paper. The idea of the use of optical techniques in the initial diagnosis of boiler evaporators’ surface conditions has also been presented.

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Investigation of the K-Mg-Ca Sulfate System as Part of Monitoring Problematic Phase Formations in Renewable-Energy Power Plants

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

Calciolangbeinite-O, a natural orthorhombic modification of K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃, and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system

Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review

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Investigation of the K-Mg-Ca Sulfate System as Part of Monitoring Problematic Phase Formations in Renewable-Energy Power Plants

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of the Phase Diagram of the Cu-Ag Sulfide System

Calciolangbeinite-O, a natural orthorhombic modification of K2Ca2(SO4)3, and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system

Non-Destructive Diagnostic Methods for Fire-Side Corrosion Risk Assessment of Industrial Scale Boilers, Burning Low Quality Solid Biofuels—A Mini Review

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Calciolangbeinite-O, a natural orthorhombic modification of K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃, and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system