“…The included articles were observational studies published between 1979 and 2023 and involved 1,377 abortion cases (including 1,159 females with SA and 218 females with RPL), together with 3,289 normal pregnant females. Of the 28 articles included in this meta-analysis, six were completed in China ( 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 51 ), three in Egypt ( 26 , 30 , 31 ), three in Saudi Arabia ( 29 , 36 , 47 ), three in Iran ( 48 – 50 ), two in Mexico ( 33 , 39 ), two in Turkey ( 35 , 52 ), two in Poland ( 19 , 41 ), one in Nigeria ( 27 ), one in Croatia ( 28 ), one in Italy ( 32 ), one in Australia ( 34 ), one in Serbia ( 43 ), one in India ( 44 ), and one in Russia ( 46 ). The sample size of the included studies ranged from 38 to 1,447.…”