Investigation of the limonene photooxidation by OH at different NO concentrations in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber)

Abstract

Abstract. The oxidation of limonene by the hydroxyl (OH) radical and ozone (O3) was investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) in experiments performed at different nitric oxide (NO) mixing ratios from nearly 0 up to 10 ppbv. For the experiments dominated by OH oxidation, the formaldehyde (HCHO) yield was experimentally determined and found to be (12 ± 3), (13 ± 3), and (32 ± 5) % for experiments with low (∼ 0.1 ppbv), medium (∼ 0.3 ppbv), and high NO (5 to 10 ppbv), respectively. The yield in an ozonolysis-only experiment was (10 ± 1) %, which agrees with previous laboratory studies. The experimental yield of the first-generation organic nitrates from limonene–OH oxidation is calculated as (34 ± 5) %, about 11 % higher than the value in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), which is derived from structure–activity relationships (SARs). Time series of measured radicals, trace-gas concentrations, and OH reactivity are compared to results from zero-dimensional chemical box model calculations applying MCM v3.3.1. Modeled OH reactivity is 5 to 10 s−1 (25 % to 33 % of the OH reactivity at the start of the experiment) higher than measured values at the end of the experiments under all chemical conditions investigated, suggesting either that there are unaccounted loss processes of limonene oxidation products or that products are less reactive toward OH. In addition, model calculations underestimate measured hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) concentrations by 20 % to 90 % and overestimate organic peroxyl radical (RO2) concentrations by 50 % to 300 %. The largest deviations are found in low-NO experiments and in the ozonolysis experiment. An OH radical budget analysis, which uses only measured quantities, shows that the budget is closed in most of the experiments. A similar budget analysis for RO2 radicals suggests that an additional RO2 loss rate constant of about (1–6) × 10−2 s−1 for first-generation RO2 is required to match the measured RO2 concentrations in all experiments. Sensitivity model runs indicate that additional reactions converting RO2 to HO2 at a rate constant of about (1.7–3.0) × 10−2 s−1 would improve the model–measurement agreement of NOx, HO2, and RO2 concentrations and OH reactivity. Reaction pathways that could lead to the production of additional OH and HO2 are discussed, which include isomerization reactions of RO2 from the oxidation of limonene, different branching ratios for the reaction of RO2 with HO2, and a faster rate constant for RO2 recombination reactions. As the exact chemical mechanisms of the additional HO2 and OH sources could not be identified, further work needs to focus on quantifying organic product species and organic peroxy radicals from limonene oxidation.

Atmospheric photooxidation and ozonolysis of sabinene: Reaction rate constants, product yields and chemical budget of radicals

“…Since the lifetimes of OH is very short (< 1 s), production rate of OH radical must equal its destruction rate on the time scale of the experiment. By considering radical production and destruction pathways that are typically included in atmospheric chemistry models, insights can be provided into if there are missing radical production pathways for example from fast RO2-isomerization reactions (e.g., Fuchs et al, 2013;Novelli et al, 2020), or if the rates of radical destruction pathways are underestimated (Pang et al, 2022). Table 3 lists all reactions producing OH radicals that were considered in the chemical budget analysis in this work.…”

Limonene: A scented and versatile tropospheric free radical deactivator

“…It has been estimated that about 1000 T g of biogenically emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reach the atmosphere per year [1]. In addition, VOCs of anthropogenic sources are emitted by diverse industrial processes [2–5].…”

“…Regarding its atmospheric chemistry, it is expected that its main reactions are with • OH, • NO 3 , and O 3 ; at day time, nighttime and throughout the day, respectively [19][20][21]. Thus, they have been the most studied species in the context of limonene atmospheric chemistry [1,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, it is likely that limonene may deactivate other atmospheric oxidants since it is a hydrocarbon with both exocyclic and endocyclic double bonds.…”