Investigation of the potential biomass waste source for biocoke production in Indonesia: A review

Valorization of Agricultural Wastes to Offset Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emissions: An Insight in Southeast Asia

“…Indonesia, being the largest producer and exporter of palm oil along with Malaysia, generates massive quantities of solid residues like empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS), mesocarp fiber, fronds, and trunks [14,15,33] . Other major residues include rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, cocoa pod waste, coconut shells/husks, and residues from banana and pineapple cultivation [1,10,12,34] . The availability of these diverse residue streams presents opportunities for valorization into bioenergy, biorefinery products, and soil amendments.…”

“…Malaysia, the second-largest palm oil producer [35] , faces waste management challenges [36] from the oil palm industry's EFB, PKS, fronds, and trunks [37][38][39] . It also generates residues from rice, coconut, pineapple, banana, durian, and sago starch production [22,34,40,41] . The government aims to capitalize on bioenergy from these abundant residues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [42] .…”

“…Table 3 summarizes valorization pathways for agricultural wastes in Southeast Asia. Rice husk, livestock manure Bioenergy Indonesia Rice husk, cocoa pods, coconut shells, oil palm shells, corn cobs Biochar [33] Oil palm residues such as palm kernels, EFB, fronds, and trunks Bioenergy, value-added products [15] Palm kernel shells, EFB, old trunks, rice husks, rice straw, sugarcane residues (bagasse, tops, leaves) Bioenergy [19,34] Cassava pulp Biogas [1] Cocoa pod waste, rice straw & husk, coconut waste Bioenergy [34] Malaysia Oil palm residues Bioenergy [37] Sago wastes Value-added products [40] Rice and palm oil residues Biocoke [34] Palm oil residues Value-added products [39] Oil palm residues Biofuel [42] Philippines Rice husks Value-added products [13] Rice husks, sawdust, starch Particle board [49] Corn stover, coconut shell Cattle feed, activated carbon, charcoal [50]…”

The Effect of Pressure and Heating on Biocoke Fuel from Empty Fruit Bunches

“…Solid biomass-based biocoke fuel has high carbon content, so it appears as a promising candidate and has the potential to replace traditional fossil fuels while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The availability of solid biomass waste that can be converted into energy is relatively abundant, as reported in previous publications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Policies related to the use of renewable energy implemented by the government are the proper steps to advance the development and development of renewable energy nationally [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”