“…Pulsating flow in pipes has been observed in diverse technical areas such as physiology, roller and finger pumps, transportation of blood flow, oxygen, and sanitary fluids, among others [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Scientists have shown considerable interest in studying pulsating flow, especially focusing on accurate flow rate measurement, which is crucial for evaluating system performance [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Typically, flow rate determination involves multiplying physical quantities by correction factors corresponding to measurement technologies like turbine rotational frequency [ 40 ], pressure drops through an orifice [ 41 ], electromotive force [ 42 ], ultrasonic wave transit time, or Doppler effect [ 43 ].…”