Investigation of the use of a closed pressure vessel test for estimating condensed phase explosive properties of organic compounds

Whitmore, M.W.; Baker, G.P.

doi:10.1016/s0950-4230(98)00053-9

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…18 Later on, still limited in sample availability, a closed pressure vessel test (CPVT, Entry 4) was performed. 19,20 Based on this test an explosivity ranking in correspondence to the UN transport classification criteria was made: rank B. 21 This test confirmed the rapid deflagration behavior.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Scalable Process for the Production of a Highly Energetic Bromoacetylene Building Block

Köhler

Schwaninger²,

Stutz³

et al. 2018

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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3-(Bromoethynyl)azetidine is a highly energetic building block (decomposition energy up to −1800 J g −1 ) that was required in multikilogram quantities for the production of an API. The development of a four-step, fully telescoped, scalable sequence for its synthesis is described, along with a detailed safety study of the corresponding hydrochloride salt in order to determine the potential explosive properties and transport classification. A screen of counterions identified the (+)-camphorsulfonic acid salt as the most suitable form for mitigation of the energetic properties, as judged by differential scanning calorimetry (onset 182 °C, energy −876 J g −1 ). This case study demonstrates how a daunting chemical structure can be "tamed" by chemical process development, tuning of molecular properties, and thorough safety investigations.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Scalable Process for the Production of a Highly Energetic Bromoacetylene Building Block

Köhler

Schwaninger²,

Stutz³

et al. 2018

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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“…Table 4 provides all available comparison data between the ARC and Kuhner mini-autoclave [1]. Although the testing was performed on different samples, the results for all three parameters follow the same trends.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Table 1 provides an explosivity-ranking scheme based on the three recommended UN tests. It is identical to that used by Whitmore and Baker [1], except this scheme gives precedence to the UN Gap result over the BAM 50/60. Ranks A and B identify potential Class 1 substances: A indicates substances that detonated, and B indicates those that did not detonate but were strongly positive in the Koenen and/or Time/Pressure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yoshida et al [4] provided a useful relationship between DSC decomposition energy and extrapolated onset temperature to predict explosion propagation. More recently, Whitmore and Baker [1] and others have done promising work using the lab-scale Kuhner miniautoclave indicating that the rate of pressure rise during decomposition in a closed pressure vessel may produce a more precise winnowing approach covering the gamut of Class 1 properties: detonation, deflagration, and heating under confinement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of ARC in screening for explosive properties

Bodman

Chervin

2004

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…In lieu of performing full-scale TS1/TS2 assessments in early development, few options exist for small-scale explosivity screening tests. One option was disclosed in 1999 by Whitmore and Baker, 14 who described the use of a Kuḧner mini-autoclave to study the rate of pressure rise during an exothermic decomposition in a closed vessel. The methods described by Whitmore and Baker are performed on approximately 2.5 g of material.…”

Section: ■ Shipping Potentially Explosive Materials For Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosive Hazard Identification in Pharmaceutical Process Development: A Novel Screening Method and Workflow for Shipping Potentially Explosive Materials

Sperry

Azuma

Stone

2021

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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When a material is identified as potentially capable of explosive propagation by the Yoshida correlation, process safety scientists have few options for semiquantitatively assessing the hazards associated with the use of that material. Oxygen balance calculations, the Rule of 6, and the United Nations (U.N.) explosive functional group list are commonly employed qualitative/semiquantitative methods to assess explosivity without requiring additional experimental data. In contrast, a full United Nations Transportation of Dangerous Goods testing regimen requires, at a minimum, 2 kg of material for Test Series 1 alone, an excessive amount that is rarely available in early pharmaceutical development. A new assessment, called the O.R.E.O.S. method, has been developed that combines the three traditional methods for screening of explosive properties (Oxygen balance calculations, the Rule of 6, and the Explosive functional group list) with the Onset of decomposition determined by differential scanning calorimetry and the proposed Scale. This new assessment has been applied to known energetic materials that are flagged as potentially capable of explosive propagation by the Yoshida correlation and has been shown to be effective at classifying materials in a scale-dependent manner. The tool is customizable to fit any organization’s internal guidance on handling energetic materials. This assessment should find wide utility in both pharmaceutical development groups and contract research organizations as a means to classify compounds that may require further testing before scale-up or to steer project teams to discover safer alternatives. A brief description of the challenges associated with transporting materials for U.N. Series Testing is also presented with the aim of demystifying the process for obtaining such valuable data.

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Investigation of the use of a closed pressure vessel test for estimating condensed phase explosive properties of organic compounds

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Scalable Process for the Production of a Highly Energetic Bromoacetylene Building Block

Scalable Process for the Production of a Highly Energetic Bromoacetylene Building Block

Use of ARC in screening for explosive properties

Explosive Hazard Identification in Pharmaceutical Process Development: A Novel Screening Method and Workflow for Shipping Potentially Explosive Materials

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