Investigation of the Water Quality in Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco): A Multifaceted Analysis of Physicochemical, Undesirable Substances, Toxic Compounds, and Bacteriological Traits

Abstract

In the same way, the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health has brought to light a sobering reality an estimated 1.8 million deaths worldwide are attributed to water contamination. 7 This revelation underscores the urgent need for comprehensive assessments of water quality to understand the multifaceted dimensions of the challenges posed by polluted water sources. Among the many regions grappling with water quality issues, the Oum Er Rbia River in Morocco stands out as an essential focal point for scientific inquiry. [8][9][10] As an indispensable source of water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes, the Oum Er Rbia River plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of the communities along its course. 11 However, the escalating pressures of anthropogenic activities and environmental changes on this vital waterway necessitate a thorough and multifaceted examination of its water quality. 12,13 Several studies have revealed that some natural processes, such as weathering, precipitation, and soil erosion, play a pivotal role in shaping the quality of Oum Er Rbia River water. 10 Weathering of rocks contributes minerals and ions to water bodies, influencing their chemical composition. 14 Precipitation can alter the balance of nutrients and pollutants in the water, while soil erosion transports sediment and contaminants into rivers, affecting their overall quality. Understanding these natural processes is crucial for distinguishing between baseline conditions and anthropogenic impacts on water quality. 15,16 On the other hand, the influence of human activities on the Oum Er Rbia River water cannot be understated. Anthropogenic sources, including agricultural, urban, and industrial activities, significantly contribute to the degradation of surface water quality. 17 Agricultural runoff introduces pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrochemicals into rivers, altering nutrient levels and posing threats to aquatic ecosystems. 11