Investigation of thyroid dose due to mammography

Whelan, Clair; McLean, Donald; Poulos, Ann

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1673.1999.433660.x

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A number of studies have dealt with scatter radiation to the thyroid and the breast in diagnostic radiological procedures [4,5,13,14]. The data suggest that the doses of scatter radiation to the breasts in diagnostic procedures range from almost immeasurable levels to those higher than in conventional mammography [4,5,13,14,15,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head

et al. 2003

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We compared Doppler spectral parameters in acute inflammatory, reactive, lymphomatous, and metastatic lymph nodes, and evaluated pulsed Doppler sonography as a method for distinguishing between different causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Spectral Doppler analysis with measurements of resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) was performed in 197 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Results of Doppler analysis were compared with findings of cytology and histology or with clinical presentation and follow-up. Student's t-test was used to assess statistical significance of differences in Doppler parameters between groups of patients. Significant differences for RI and PI were shown between all groups of patients except between lymphomatous and reactive nodes. Specificity of 100% for metastatic nodal involvement was shown for cutoff values RI>0.80 and PI>1.80. A positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% for acute lymphadenitis was shown for cutoff values RI<0.50 and PI<0.60. An EDV>9 cm/s has 100% negative predictive value for nodal metastasis, and EDV<1 cm/s has 100% specificity and PPV for metastasis. Although there exist differences in RI, PI, PSV, and EDV between different nodal diseases, none of these parameters offer both good sensitivity and good specificity, and only extreme cutoff values may occasionally be helpful in differential diagnosis. Doppler spectral analysis is a valuable noninvasive adjunct which can help in differentiation between metastatic, lymphomatous, acute inflammatory, and reactive lymphadenopathy, but cannot obviate biopsy in the majority of cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data suggest that the doses of scatter radiation to the breasts in diagnostic procedures range from almost immeasurable levels to those higher than in conventional mammography [4,5,13,14,15,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head

et al. 2003

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“…With protection, the ESD in the MLO view is 50% higher than in the CC view. As in the studies conducted by Chetlen et al [6] and Whelen, et al [7] in which the dose at the MLO view was higher in relation to the CC view [6,7]. This difference may be due to the fact that in the MLO view there is a slight increase in the tube current -exposure time product.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of Use of Thyroid Shield in Mammography: A Preliminary Study

Ribeiro

Entradas

Abrantes

et al. 2017

IJRRT

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Purpose: Verify if the use of thyroid shield was effective in reducing the radiation dose received by the thyroid in mammography. Materials and Methods:Using a General Electric Senograph DMR+ mammographer with two bucky's, thermoluminescent dosimeters and two phantoms, one of body and the other of breast, were made measurements in cranio-caudal and medio-lateral oblique views. The variation was made with and without thyroid shield, and in the breast without shield, on both views. Results:After collecting and analyzing data it was verified a 89% reduction of the entrance skin doses on thyroid with protection. Conclusion:Given the significant reduction of the dose and the principle ALARA we can conclude that the shield should be used by the Radiology service. However the use of the shield may provide artifacts, making difficult the analysis of the breast tissue and leading to the examination repetition increasing the radiation from the mammary gland, as well as the other organs.

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“…Chetlen et al (2016) reported that the average skin doses over the right and left thyroid lobes from scattered radiation were 3.8% and 3.7%, respectively, of the average entrance skin doses to the breast during a routine screening mammographic examination. Whelan et al (1999) conservatively estimated that the dose to the thyroid gland might be 10% of the skin dose that overlays the thyroid. Hence, we assumed that the dose to the thyroid gland from mammography to be about 0.375% of the entrance skin dose to the breast as shown in eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Radiation Dose to Patients from Diagnostic Radiology Procedures over Eight Decades

Chang¹,

Miller

Lee

et al. 2017

Health Physics

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This study summarizes and compares estimates of radiation absorbed dose to the thyroid gland for typical patients who underwent diagnostic radiology examinations in the years from 1930 to 2010. We estimated the thyroid dose for common examinations, including radiography, mammography, dental radiography, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine, and computed tomography (CT). For the most part, we observed a clear downward trend in thyroid dose over time for each procedure. Historically, the highest thyroid doses came from the nuclear medicine thyroid scans in the 1960s (630 mGy), full-mouth series dental radiography (390 mGy) in the early years of the use of x-rays in dentistry (1930s), and the barium swallow (esophagram) fluoroscopic exam also in the 1930s (140 mGy). Thyroid uptake nuclear medicine examinations and pancreatic scans also gave relatively high doses to the thyroid (64 mGy and 21 mGy, respectively, in the 1960s). In the 21st century, the highest thyroid doses still result from nuclear medicine thyroid scans (130 mGy), but high thyroid doses are also associated with chest/abdomen/pelvis CT scans (18 and 19 mGy for male and females, respectively). Thyroid doses from CT scans did not exhibit the same downward trend as observed for other examinations. The largest thyroid doses from conventional radiography came from cervical spine and skull examinations. Thyroid doses from mammography (which began in the 1960s) were generally a fraction of a mGy. The highest average doses to the thyroid from mammography were about 0.42 mGy, with modestly larger doses associated with imaging of breasts with large compressed thicknesses. Thyroid doses from dental radiographic procedures have decreased markedly throughout the decades, from an average of 390 mGy for a full-mouth series in the 1930s to an average of 0.31 mGy today. Upper GI series fluoroscopy examinations resulted in up to two orders of magnitude lower thyroid doses than the barium swallow. There are considerable uncertainties associated with the presented doses, particularly for characterizing exposures of individual identified patients. Nonetheless, the tabulations provide the only comprehensive report on the estimation of typical radiation doses to the thyroid gland from medical diagnostic procedures over eight decades (1930–2010). These data can serve as a resource for epidemiologic studies that evaluate the late health effects of radiation exposure associated with diagnostic radiologic examinations.

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Investigation of thyroid dose due to mammography

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head

Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head

Evaluation of Use of Thyroid Shield in Mammography: A Preliminary Study

Thyroid Radiation Dose to Patients from Diagnostic Radiology Procedures over Eight Decades

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