Routing is the most basic and essential operation of any ad hoc network. A mobile ad hoc network presents many challenges, because of the severe resource limitations such as dynamic and varying topology, lack of centralized control, insecure medium, and limited battery power, among others. Therefore, optimization and conservation is the key to success of any ad hoc network operation. In this paper, we propose and define 2 new metrics for ad hoc networks: bandwidth utilization ratio and load index. These metrics can be used as an indicator to measure and monitor the network usability and to improve its efficiency by efficient load distribution. They can be used to predict the additional load that can be accommodated in the network, without causing any congestion or overflows. We also propose a new load balancing routing scheme for ad hoc networks, called efficient load balancing method. This method tries to offset the load on different paths using load index as a metric. Load index is defined as a measure of a node's degree of involvement in the message routing process, which is indicative of its load. To make this algorithm efficient, we limit our routes to a few efficient ones only. This number of alternate routes used, out of the pool of all available routes, is defined as degree of distribution. Simulation results adequately prove the efficiency of proposed method, vis-à-vis 2 other load balancing approaches, and these are verified statistically at 99% confidence interval. A p × q factorial design is used to verify that simulation results are the actual measurements and not due to some unknown errors. little longer to establish routes, they help in reducing the overheads, as routes to all destinations may not be required at all times.• Proactive routing protocols: Also known as table-driven protocols, these methods maintain up to date routing information for all destinations, all the time. 2 Any changes in the network are continually updated by exchange of information. These methods are generally faster, as paths are readily available. • Hybrid routing protocols: These methods provide a trade-off between the above 2 approaches. This is done to obtain the goodies of both methods. The general way of working of these methods is dividing the network in small regions or clusters. The proactive approach is followed for routing within short distances, usually within the regions. For interregion communication, the reactive approach is usually preferred, to reduce the costs.Routing is required for almost any kind of operation to be performed in an ad hoc network. Traditionally, most routing methods rely on shortest path algorithms to build efficient paths. Shortest path methods do provide efficient network characteristics with very little overheads, but they fail to maintain this efficiency once the load is gradually increased. 3 With high traffic loads, some nodes take most of the load and become a bottleneck for efficient routing. In situations such as on-demand video, audio transmissions, applications involving geog...