Investigation of Uncertain Factors on Measuring Residual Stress with Critically Refracted Longitudinal Waves

Yang, Shun-Min; Wang, Mingquan; Yang, Liqun

doi:10.3390/app9030485

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Given the particularity of critically refracted longitudinal (LCR) waves, its sensitivity to stress in the propagation direction is higher than other types of waves, so it is more and more popular in the field of stress evaluation. 8 Javadi et al 9 applied LCR waves to measure the distribution of welding residual stress, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the hold-drilling method and theoretical analysis. Although stress measurement methods based on bulk waves have been widely used in industry, they can only obtain the local stress state after the arrangement of the test devices and cannot monitor the loading history of structural components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

Shi

Zhao

et al. 2022

Structural Health Monitoring

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In this article, the baseline-free stress monitoring methodology has been proposed. Initially, it is theoretically and experimentally proven that the impact of the external stress on the phase velocity of the Lamb waves varies with the Lamb wave propagation direction in isotropic materials. The Lamb wave propagation time difference in the specific directions can be subsequently used to calculate the existing stress. The proposed methodology can be therefore eliminated from the usage of the referential ideal echo data under zero residual stress condition, which is however the origin of the stress measurements for the existing methods. Then, a semi-analytical finite element model is established to calibrate the stress coefficient of the homogeneous prestress waveguide. The piezoelectric wafer active sensors array is finally applied to excite and receive the Lamb wave signal in the specially designed directions. Experimental verification indicates that the maximum absolute error of the stress measurement is 4.7 MPa within the external stress range from 20 to 100 MPa. It is supposed that the proposed methodology is a promising alternative for structural quality assessment and safety assurance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

Shi

Zhao

et al. 2022

Structural Health Monitoring

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“…Accordingly, the flight time of the L CR wave from two receivers were calculated to be about 9.5 and 14.5 µs, respectively. The scientific basis for acquiring each signal using two receivers is to reduce the effect of temperature on TOFs [14,16,31] and coupling conditions [32]. Figure 3 shows the photograph of a L CR wave probe that was designed and manufactured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

Hwang¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2022

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Non-destructive stress measurement using ultrasonic techniques is based on calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient obtained from the relationship between material stress and sound wave velocity. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are the most suitable for ultrasonic stress measurement testing. This is because these waves exhibit a relatively large change in flight time in relation to a change in stress. In general, to calculate the acoustoelastic coefficient, tensile tests are performed with specimens extracted from the test objects to be inspected, and the difference in the speed of ultrasonic waves is measured in relation to the stress applied. However, train rails are usually subjected to compressive loads and no research has been conducted to confirm whether the results obtained using this method match the coefficients obtained from test objects in full cross-section. Therefore, results from compression tests on full cross-section specimens are needed as reference data to determine the reliability of the results obtained using extracted specimens. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare the result from applying compressive loads to full cross-section specimens to the experimental result obtained from specimens extracted from each rail section. For this purpose, ultrasonic probes capable of generating LCR waves were designed and manufactured to apply the technique to measure the applied stress. Based on the results obtained using this probe, the acoustoelastic coefficient values obtained from each specimen were compared. Then, the feasibility of calculating the internal stresses in railway rails using the acoustoelastic constants obtained from the extracted specimens was determined, and the reliability of the method was verified. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the acoustoelastic coefficients calculated using the data from extracted specimens and those using full cross-section specimens.

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“…Using equation ( 8), the first critical angle should be calculated as 26.92 • . Relevant research shown that when the angle of incidence is larger than the first critical angle of 1 • [26], the radiation energy of the LCR wave main lobe can be received by the receiving transducer. At this point, the amplitude reaches a maximum and detection is optimal.…”

Section: Detection Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitriding layer depth detection based on mixing frequency nonlinear ultrasonic parameters

Li,

Bi,

Tang

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Nitriding treatment can improve the surface properties of workpieces, thus increasing the service life of the workpiece. The depth of nitriding layer is not only one of the important indexes for evaluating the nitriding effect, but also an important factor affecting the end-use performance of the workpiece. While the existing hardness and metallographic methods cannot meet the needs for non-destructive testing of nitriding layer depth in shaft parts. Therefore, a method using non-linear ultrasonic testing technology is proposed for non-destructive evaluation of nitriding layer depth. In this study, 1045 steel shaft specimens with different nitriding layer depths were prepared by a liquid salt bath nitriding method. The total depth of the nitriding layer was measured using a microhardness tester, and metallographic microscopy was applied to observe microstructure changes before and after nitriding treatment. With the proposed non-destructive method, the longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) wave mixing detection model was established and the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficients were used for characterizing the nitrided layer depths. Experimental results show that the LCR wave sum frequency (LCRWSF) detection model of ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient is better to characterize the nitriding layer depth of 1045 steel and have higher sensitivity. As a result, the LCRWSF model is more suitable to efficiently estimate the nitrided layer depth.

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Investigation of Uncertain Factors on Measuring Residual Stress with Critically Refracted Longitudinal Waves

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

Nitriding layer depth detection based on mixing frequency nonlinear ultrasonic parameters

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Investigation of Uncertain Factors on Measuring Residual Stress with Critically Refracted Longitudinal Waves

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

A baseline-free stress monitoring strategy based on acoustoelastic Lamb waves using PWAS array

Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using LCR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens

Nitriding layer depth detection based on mixing frequency nonlinear ultrasonic parameters

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Product

Resources

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Reliability verification of stress data from extracted specimens using L_CR wave stress data from full-section rail specimens