Investigation of Zinc and Phosphorus Elements Incorporated into Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings Developed on Ti-6Al-4V Alloys

Abstract

In order to clarify the mechanism that zinc and phosphorus elements entering the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings developed on Ti-6Al-4V alloys, anodic coatings containing different zinc and phosphorus were fabricated using an orthogonal experiment of four factors with three levels in an electrolyte containing EDTA-ZnNa2, KOH, and phytic acid. Surface morphology, element composition, chemical state and phase structure of MAO coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The concentrations of zinc and phosphorus in the electrolyte were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results show that zinc and phosphorus elements in MAO coatings exist in the form of Zn3(PO4)2. Phytic acid is the most important factor on both zinc and phosphorus contents of MAO coatings. With the increase of phytic acid concentration or the decrease of KOH concentration, the contents of zinc and phosphorus in MAO coatings present a similarly increasing tendency. Our results indicate that phosphorus takes part in coating formation mainly by diffusion, while zinc enters into MAO coatings with phosphorus from phytic acid.

Porous Carbon Template Decorated with MOF‐Driven Bimetallic Phosphide: A Suitable Heterostructure for the Production of Uninterrupted Green Hydrogen via Renewable Energy Storage Device

“…[71] Whereas, peak at 140.67 eV is corresponding to Zn 3s commonly arises in phosphorous chemical state in high resolution P 2p spectra of metal phosphides. [72] The high resolution spectra of C 1s are deconvolved into three peaks at 288.53, 286.30, and 284.69 eV corresponding to O─C═O, C─O─C, and C─C bonds, [8,73] respectively, in ZnP 2 @CoP-CNT/CC as shown in Figure 3d.…”

Advancements in incorporating metal ions onto the surface of biomedical titanium and its alloys via micro-arc oxidation: a research review

“…The integration of zinc onto titanium implant surfaces represents a trend in cationic surface modification, with the release of Zn 2+ significantly influencing bone integration. Zinc salts, such as zinc acetate, possess good water solubility, and a single MAO technique can be employed to immobilize zinc onto the surface coatings of titanium implants ( Hu et al, 2012 ; Du et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Zhao et al, 2019b ; Komarova et al, 2020 ; Sun H. et al, 2022 ), as illustrated in Supplementary Table S2 .…”

“…In recent years, the fabrication of nano/micron coatings on the surface of titanium and its alloys has gained recognition as a means to enhance their biological attributes and boost their biological activity (van Hengel et al, 2021;Williams, 2022;Kuroda et al, 2023). Various techniques can be employed for creating these coatings, including hydrothermal treatment, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel methods, plasma immersion ion implantation, selective laser melting, plasma spraying, magnetron sputtering, and micro-arc oxidation (MAO) (Gu et al, 2004;Velasco-Ortega et al, 2010;Li et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014;Kaluderovic et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Zhang Y. et al, 2018;Kaya et al, 2018;Kondyurin et al, 2018;Nichol et al, 2021;Bhatti et al, 2022;Sun Z. et al, 2022). However, these coating methods come with certain limitations (refer to Supplementary Table S1), such as reduced fatigue strength, degradation, and poor adhesion to the metal substrate.…”

Porous construction and surface modification of titanium-based materials for osteogenesis: A review

“…The results showed that diffusion and electromigration processes allowed calcium to enter, and the amount of phosphorus in the anode coating was strongly dependent on the amount of Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 . In the electrolyte containing EDTA-ZnNa 2 , KOH and phytic acid, the orthogonal experiment with four components and three levels was adopted to explore the influence of various technological factors on the amounts of Zn and P ( Wang Y. et al, 2018 ). The results showed that Zn entered the MAO membrane with P from phytic acid, and P mainly participated in membrane formation through diffusion.…”