“…Each class has its advantages, e.g., copper-based SMAs are characterized by low cost, while nickel-titanium SMAs demonstrate superior thermo-mechanic properties. As a result, SMAs and similar nonlinear materials offer a plethora of options for the intelligent design of sensor-actuators, but their dynamics with solid-solid phase transformations and sophisticated microstructure evolutions represent a serious challenge in modelling, and innovative numerical methodologies are required [ 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ]. As these materials change shape in response to temperature, high forces and significant motion can produce a substantial work output.…”