“…Gear transmissions are commonly used in aerospace, transportation and industrial machinery. However, excessive contact load, inappropriate operating condition and insufficient lubrication usually cause various tooth failures such as wear (Flodin and Andersson, 1997; Geng et al , 2019; Huangfu et al , 2020a), pit (Chen et al , 2019a), spall (Huangfu et al , 2020b) and crack (Ma et al , 2015), which induce the vibration and noise. To enhance the lifetime and improve the reliability of the gear system, the dynamics have been investigated, and the methods of fault diagnosis have been developed significantly as well in recent years (Liang et al , 2018; Hu et al , 2015; Jiang et al , 2020; Yan et al , 2020a, b).…”