“…Artificial roughness of various forms and geometrical shapes investigated by different researchers is reported in the literature. The use of rib roughness in numerous shapes and geometries, such as square, 88,90,[103][104][105] triangular, 92,95,106,107 rectangular, 106,107 inclined, 93 V-shaped, 89,108 W-shaped, 94 discrete, 93,94,109 chamfered, 88 wedge shaped, 107 arc shaped, 97,106,110,111 L shaped, 96 U shaped, 91 porous rib type roughness, 112 and pentagonal ribs 98 result a better performance compared to conventional-type solar air collector. Many of the investigators reported considerable enhancement in heat transfer with less penalty of friction by the application of…”