“…A number of papers investigate the performance of piles under seismic loading. The experiments consider single piles (Yao et al 2018, Ebeido et al 2018, Chen et al 2018, Pérez-Herreros et al 2018 or small pile groups (Imamura 2018, Egawa et al 2018. One paper (Garala & Madabhushi 2018) considered a comparison between a single pile and a small pile group (containing three piles).…”