Investigation on the decarbonization of shipping: An approach to hydrogen and ammonia

Newman

et al. 2023

Sustain Earth Reviews

The hydrogen economy has been a major vision for many futurists, for over half a century, as a way to transition to a world not dependent on fossil fuels (Bockris, Science 176:1323, 1972). As with many world views, the hydrogen economy has a complete perspective from which all potential change can be viewed. It therefore has a passionate if somewhat fundamentalist following. This paper outlines how electrification has now superseded much of the originally envisaged hydrogen economy and thus it deconstructs what is left of this vision to highlight hydrogen’s strategic, niche, yet important roles, that remain for supporting the transition to a global net zero emissions economy. In our view, it is critical that policy-makers, industry and researchers take a strategic view on striking the right balance on the adoption of hydrogen. Here we propose a framework for hydrogen development globally, with support directed towards enabling the decarbonisation of harder-to-electrify sectors using renewable hydrogen, including, but not limited to: steel, cement, fertilisers, chemical feedstocks, shipping, and aviation.

Section: So Where Are the Strategic Applications For Hydrogen?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Striking the right balance: understanding the strategic applications of hydrogen in transitioning to a net zero emissions economy

Newman

et al. 2023

Sustain Earth Reviews

“…19,20 With these considerations, many researchers foresee ammonia as a potential decarbonization fuel for heavy transportation like maritime transport. [21][22][23][24] Besides, ammonia (NH 3 ) is a crucial substance for various industries to produce fertilizers, medicines, refrigerants, explosives, and pesticides. Thus, NH 3 well-established very old Haber-Bosch Process (HBP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 In the transportation sector, maritime transport controls 90% of global goods trading, accounting for 3.1% of global CO 2 emissions. 10,11 To mitigate environmental pollution, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) formed a crucial strategy of decarbonizing the transport sector to reach the goals of the Paris climate change agreement to limit global temperature raise within 1.5 1C of pre-industrial levels. 12,13 Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set several checkpoints to complete the decarbonization of maritime transportation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in electrocatalytic NO_x reduction into ammonia

Inta,

Dhanabal,

Markandaraj

et al. 2023

EES. Catal.

“…Although LNG is a well-liked alternative fuel with favorable economic and environmental effects, it is still not enough to achieve 50% decarbonization and often needs to be used in combination with multiple options [11]. As a result, researchers are now focusing more on methanol [12], hydrogen energy [13], ammonia energy [14], and other renewable energy sources [15,16]. In addition, several studies designed decarbonization pathways in the form of scenario simulations based on the above measures to achieve long-term carbon emission targets, and thoroughly discussed the potential difficulties and the support required from policymakers [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Shipping Carbon Tax on Dry Bulk Shipping Costs and Maritime Trades—The Case of China

Wen

Zou

2022

JMSE

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in shipping have been receiving growing concerns in the maritime industry. Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is considering the introduction of a global shipping carbon tax, which has become the most talked-about topic in both industry and academia. To assess the potential impact of the carbon tax on maritime trades, a trade-volume-based model of shipping carbon emissions was developed. Considering that bulk shipping is the second-largest carbon emitter in the maritime industry and the low value-to-weight nature of bulk cargoes, the model was applied to analyze the dry bulk trade in China, one of the leading countries in the global dry bulk trade. The results show that the introduction of the carbon tax could have significant impacts on freight rates and commodity prices. Depending on the trading regions and the carbon charges, shipping freight rates would increase by 10–30%, which is equivalent to 1–4% of the trading prices. Additionally, since shorter shipping distances may have less emission per trading tonnage, the shipping carbon tax may significantly change the dry bulk trade patterns, resulting in China’s increasing reliance on nearby countries, e.g., India and Australia, for the import of key commodities. These findings can help shipping companies and sectors make better carbon reduction responses, such as redeploying their fleets, promoting the development of low-carbon shipping technologies, and increasing investments in Australia, as well as South and Southeast Asia.