Investigation on the electromagnetic radiated emissions of a single-photon avalanche diode

Pantoja, John J.; Tello Castillo, Alfonso; Anagnostou, Dimitris E.; Kirrane, James; Stonehouse, Mark; Koehler-Sidki, Alex; Natrella, Michele; Donaldson, Ross

doi:10.1117/12.2689901

Quantum Technology: Driving Commercialisation of an Enabling Science IV 2023

DOI: 10.1117/12.2689901

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Investigation on the electromagnetic radiated emissions of a single-photon avalanche diode

John J. Pantoja,

Alfonso Tello Castillo,

Dimitris E. Anagnostou

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 1 publication

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Electromagnetic side-channel attack risk assessment on a practical quantum-key-distribution receiver based on multi-class classification

Pantoja,

Bucheli,

Donaldson

2024

EPJ Quantum Technol.

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While quantum key distribution (QKD) is a theoretically secure way of growing quantum-safe encryption keys, many practical implementations are challenged due to various open attack vectors, resulting in many variations of QKD protocols. Side channels are one such vector that allows a passive or active eavesdropper to obtain QKD information leaked through practical devices. This paper assesses the feasibility and implications of extracting the raw secret key from far-field radiated emissions from the single-photon avalanche diodes used in a BB84 QKD quad-detector receiver. Enhancement of the attack was also demonstrated through the use of deep-learning model to distinguish radiated emissions due to the four polarized encoding states. To evaluate the severity of such side-channel attack, multi-class classification based on raw-data and pre-processed data is implemented and assessed. Results show that classifiers based on both raw-data and pre-processed features can discern variations of the electromagnetic emissions caused by specific orientations of the detectors within the receiver with an accuracy higher than 90%. This research proposes machine learning models as a technique to assess EM information leakage risk of QKD and highlights the feasibility of side-channel attacks in the far-field region, further emphasizing the need to utilise mechanisms to avoid electromagnetic radiation information leaks and measurement-device-independent QKD protocols.

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Electromagnetic side-channel attack risk assessment on a practical quantum-key-distribution receiver based on multi-class classification

Pantoja,

Bucheli,

Donaldson

2024

EPJ Quantum Technol.

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show abstract

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Investigation on the electromagnetic radiated emissions of a single-photon avalanche diode

Cited by 1 publication

References 7 publications

Electromagnetic side-channel attack risk assessment on a practical quantum-key-distribution receiver based on multi-class classification

Electromagnetic side-channel attack risk assessment on a practical quantum-key-distribution receiver based on multi-class classification

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