Investigation on the removal efficiency of inclusions in Al-killed liquid steel in different refining processes

Xu, Jianfei; Huang, Fuxiang; Wang, X.; Jing, Cai; Guo, Xu

doi:10.1080/03019233.2016.1215642

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Zhou et al 41) considered the generation of liquid film is mainly related to the wettability of inclusions. Yoshioka et al 118) and Wang et al 130,131) also support that the wettability of inclusions influences their separation behaviors. Table 6 lists the contact angle between oxide inclusions and liquid steel.…”

Section: Separation Of Spinel Inclusions At Steel-slag Interfacementioning

confidence: 87%

“…Note that this tendency was not occasional, because this was confirmed in different steel plants by the present authors. Recently, some investigators 118,[129][130][131][132] also noted the removal difference between solid and liquid inclusions. Reis et al 129) pointed out that the removal efficiency of inclusions was closely related to the fraction of solid inclusions.…”

Section: Separation Of Spinel Inclusions At Steel-slag Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reis et al 129) pointed out that the removal efficiency of inclusions was closely related to the fraction of solid inclusions. Wang et al [130][131][132] also found that solid inclusions are easier to be removed during RH treatment in contrast to liquid inclusions.…”

Section: Separation Of Spinel Inclusions At Steel-slag Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al2O3 Spinel Inclusions in Steel

et al. 2021

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MgO•Al 2 O 3 spinel inclusions are generally found in steel, and required be controlled during steelmaking process due to the influences on continuous casting and the quality of final products. The present review aims to give an overall picture on the formation, evolution and removal of spinel inclusions. In this review, the reported formation mechanisms are reclassified, and the effects of Ca, Ti and Mn as well as rare earth on the evolution of spinel inclusions are summarized. Different methods with thermodynamic data sheets are also introduced for the calculation of phase stability diagram. To explain the evolution route of inclusions in industry, the sources and the formation kinetics of dissolved Mg and Ca are discussed. In addition, the agglomeration, separation and dissolution behaviors of spinel inclusions are considered, and the advantages of spinel inclusions are also addressed. Based on literature survey, some suggestions on the control of inclusions are given as well.

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Section: Separation Of Spinel Inclusions At Steel-slag Interfacementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Separation Of Spinel Inclusions At Steel-slag Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al2O3 Spinel Inclusions in Steel

et al. 2021

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“…Table shows a comparison of the T.O contents at the end of the LF refining process between this study and the other previous works . The data were collected from various types of steel grades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Effect of a High Al Content on the Variation of the Total Oxygen Content in the Steel Melt during a Secondary Refining Process

Yoshioka

Ideguchi

Karasev

et al. 2017

steel research int.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the mechanism of low total oxygen (T.O) contents in high-Al containing steel grades. Steel samples are taken from a ladle during an LF-RH process, and the compositions of both the steels and inclusions are determined. According to thermodynamic considerations, the low T.O contents of high Al steel grades are due to the low insoluble oxygen contents. Due to the high Al contents in a steel melt, thermodynamic driving forces of the Al 2 O 3 modification are lower than those in ordinary Al-killed steels. Both the low thermodynamic driving force of the Al 2 O 3 modification and the inclusion removal from the melts contribute to the low CaO contents in inclusions in high-Al steel melts. The contact angles of inclusions in high Al steel melts are higher than 908 due to the low CaO content in inclusions. Therefore, the removal tendency of inclusions in high Al steel melts is kept high throughout an LF-RH process. Due to this high removal tendency, the T.O contents in high Al steel melts decreases remarkably during an LF refining process. Thereafter, they decrease further during the following RH treatment.

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“…However, producing nonmetallic inclusions either by Al deoxidation or Si-Mn deoxidation is inevitable. To improve the structural integrity of steel, it is necessary to remove [13][14][15][16][17] or modify [9,[18][19][20][21][22] the inclusions. Using ferroalloy deoxidization to control cleanliness does not solve the contradiction of reducing the oxygen content and avoiding inclusions, which limits the improvement of high-quality bearing steel.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics and Nucleation Kinetics Model of Nonalloyed Carbon Deoxidation of Bearing Steel

Lei

Zhu

Guo

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Bearing steel is an important primary manufacturing material for mechanical equipment widely used in the military, aerospace, and transportation industries. Owing to the rapid development of the economy and society, better fatigue life and stable quality of bearing steel are required by engineers. The quality of bearing steel is improved by an important factor, cleanliness, that is, total oxygen content and inclusion control. [1] Currently, there are two main methods to control cleanliness: Al deoxidation and Si-Mn nonaluminum deoxidization. Using the former, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] oxygen content in the molten steel can be rapidly reduced by controlling the deoxidation conditions and high-basicity slag, while total oxygen (TO) can be reduced to less than 5 ppm. However, this introduces spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions, which reduce the fatigue life of bearing steel, causing nozzle clogging. The Si-Mn nonaluminum deoxidization [5,[10][11][12] solves the problem of nozzle clogging and reduces calcium aluminate and spinel inclusions in bearing steel from the source. However, owing to the weak Si-Mn deoxidization ability, the TO in molten steel is higher than that of Al-deoxidized bearing steel. Excess oxygen precipitates at the grain boundary in the form of oxide inclusions, which greatly affects the ductility and corrosion resistance of steel.For decades, metallurgical scholars have conducted studies on inclusions in bearing steel. However, producing nonmetallic inclusions either by Al deoxidation or Si-Mn deoxidation is inevitable. To improve the structural integrity of steel, it is necessary to remove [13][14][15][16][17] or modify [9,[18][19][20][21][22] the inclusions. Using ferroalloy deoxidization to control cleanliness does not solve the contradiction of reducing the oxygen content and avoiding inclusions, which limits the improvement of high-quality bearing steel. Therefore, a new design of cleanliness control for bearing steel is required.To solve these issues, the author proposed two methods for producing high-quality bearing steel: 1) hydrogen deoxidation [23,24] and 2) vacuum carbon deoxidation. [23] Xiao Wei [25] found that the TO content of Si-deoxidized bearing steel after ladle furnace (LF) refining is about 20-30 ppm, and after Ruhrstal and Heraeus (RH) vacuum carbon deoxidization, it is reduced to 8-10 ppm, far higher than the theoretical carbon deoxidization under vacuum conditions. The deoxidation product of carbon deoxidation is CO, which can be spontaneously discharged from the molten steel to avoid residual inclusions. This solves the technical problem of fatigue failure caused by inclusions due to deoxidation. The nonalloyed carbon deoxidation process uses C-O reaction to generate CO gas. Many studies on the C-O reaction mechanism [26] and CO nucleation [27,28] were conducted. However, these researches involve smelting ultralowcarbon steel and blowing oxygen into molten steel to achieve rapid decarburization, and studies on the smelting of high-carbon ultralow-oxygen steel by carbon...

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Investigation on the removal efficiency of inclusions in Al-killed liquid steel in different refining processes

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Spinel Inclusions in Steel

Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Spinel Inclusions in Steel

The Effect of a High Al Content on the Variation of the Total Oxygen Content in the Steel Melt during a Secondary Refining Process

Thermodynamics and Nucleation Kinetics Model of Nonalloyed Carbon Deoxidation of Bearing Steel

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