Investigation on Volunteers Infected With the Influenza Virus

Smorodintseff, A. A.; Tushinsky, M D; Drobyshevskaya, A I; Korovin, A A; Osetroff, A I

doi:10.1097/00000441-193708000-00002

Cited by 87 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…This finding, reported in experimental influenza in human volunteers (14) and in murine infection (15,16), deserves further investigation as a difference in the host reaction to viral and bacterial infections of possible diagnostic value. An extensive series of other laboratory studies did not reveal consistent or diagnostically useful abnormalities.…”

Section: Bacteriologic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 56%

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

Blumenfeld¹,

Kilbourne²,

Louria³

et al. 1959

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Bacteriologic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 56%

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

Blumenfeld¹,

Kilbourne²,

Louria³

et al. 1959

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…A relation between lymphocytopenia and the severity of influenza has been widely accepted [1,3,5,10,16]. The severity of influenza depends mainly on its complications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreased peripheral lymphocyte and leucocyte counts in patients with influenza have been described in the Spanish influenza outbreak that occurred early in the 20th century and are considered a marker of poor prognosis [1]. Experimental or natural infection with influenza virus in humans [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and animals [11][12][13][14][15] resulted in lymphocytopenia, which was observed mainly in active phase (days 1-3) and was related to the severity of the influenza symptoms. T cells, but not NK cells, were involved in lymphocytopenia with impaired proliferative response after stimulation with mitogens [2,4,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reduction in the number of peripheral CD28+CD8+T cells in the acute phase of influenza

Nabeshima

Murata

Kikuchi

et al. 2002

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARY Influenza patients show a high incidence of T lymphocytopenia in the acute phase of the illness. Since CD8+ T cells play an important role in influenza virus infection, we investigated which subset of CD8+ T cells was involved in this lymphocytopenia. CD8+ T cells from eight patients with influenza A were studied for lymphocyte count, surface marker, and intracellular IFN-γ production in the acute (days 1–3) and recovery phases (days 9–12). Total and T lymphocyte counts in the acute phase were approximately three times less than in the recovery phase; however, the CD4/8 ratio was the same in both phases. The cell count reduction in the acute phase was attributed predominantly to the CD28+ CD8+ subset, compared with the CD28− CD8+ subset. The memory/activation marker CD45RO on the CD8+ T cells was assessed. The CD28+ CD45RO− subset, a naive phenotype, was reduced significantly in number in the acute phase compared with the recovery phase. The CD28+ CD45RO+ subset, a memory phenotype, was also reduced in the acute phase, but the reduction was not statistically significant. Intracellular IFN-γ in the CD8+ subset after mitogenic stimulation was measured by flow cytometry; the percentage of CD28+ IFN-γ−/CD8+ subset in the acute phase was significantly less than in the recovery phase. These results indicated that the predominant reduction of peripheral CD8+ T cells in the acute phase of influenza was from naive-type lymphocytes, suggesting that these quantitative and qualitative changes of CD8+ T cells in influenza are important for understanding the immunological pathogenesis.

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“…Other early attempts were abortive and did not result in approved products. About the same time as yellow fever vaccine was being tested, Smorodintsev et al in the Soviet Union immunized volunteers with a mouse-adapted strain of influenza virus given by the respiratory route [3], and in 1935, Kolmer prepared a live vaccine candidate against poliomyelitis that had been attenuated by serial passage in monkey spinal cord tissue (the vaccine proved unsafe, causing cases of polio at an incidence of 1 in 1,000) [4].…”

Section: Timelines For Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical Live Viral Vaccines

Thomas¹

2010

Replicating Vaccines

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Classical, live viral vaccines have been developed by adapting viruses by serial passages in animals, tissue or cell cultures during which multiple mutations in the viral genome have accumulated. The majority of vaccines in use today were developed in this way and a number of similar investigational vaccines are currently in development. The principal advantage of live vaccines is that they mimic natural infection and induce durable immunity, including cytotoxic T cell responses that are not generated by soluble proteins and inactivated vaccines. Recent studies of gene activation following a live vaccine (yellow fever 17D) have shed light on the role of innate immune responses in provoking strong, polyfunctional adaptive immunity following the administration of live vaccines. The principal disadvantage of live vaccines is that, occasionally, infection caused by the live vaccine causes adverse events resembling the parental (virulent) virus. Such events can be due to reversions in critical attenuating mutations or to host-specific susceptibility factors. The attenuating mutations in live vaccines increase the inapparent: apparent infection ratio compared to the parental virus, but overt infection (adverse events) while far less frequent than in natural infection can still occur. This problem is inconsequential for infections that are typically mild or self-limited, such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, but can be devastating for infections that are frequently lethal such as yellow fever or in individuals who are immunocompromised. Despite these issues, live vaccines have had dramatic benefits in reducing the incidence of the most important infections of humankind, and in one case (smallpox) a live vaccine helped eradicate a viral disease.

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Investigation on Volunteers Infected With the Influenza Virus

Cited by 87 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

A reduction in the number of peripheral CD28+CD8+T cells in the acute phase of influenza

Classical Live Viral Vaccines

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