Investigations in x‐ray computed tomography polyacrylamide gel dosimetry

Abstract

Polyacrylamide gels (PAGs) are radiosensitive materials currently under development for use as three dimensional (3D) dosimeters in radiation therapy. Dose information is recorded in the gels and extracted through imaging. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a promising gel imaging method due to a change in gel density that occurs upon irradiation. The accessibility of CT technology to cancer hospitals makes CT read-out clinically attractive, however the technique remains of limited clinical use due in part to poor dose resolution. This thesis investigates the use of CT for extracting dose information from PAG with an overall goal to improve achievable dose resolution. Thesis results are divided into three studies: a gel compositional study, a study of noise and dose resolution and a digital filtering study. The first study investigates the effects of gel composition on PAG CT dose response and the underlying density change. Systems for irradiating and imaging gels are designed and tested and dose response reproducibility is established. Results indicate dramatic variation in CT dose response sensitivity and range with gel composition. A model is developed to describe gel density change with dose, revealing two fundamental properties of the density to dose response: the density change that occurs per unit polymer yield is highest for gels with low and high concentrations of crosslinking molecule (%C) and the dose response sensitivity is linearly dependent on the total concentration of monomer in the gel. The second study investigates strategies for minimizing noise in x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry and assesses system performance. Specifically, the effects of phantom design, scanning technique and image voxel size on image noise are investigated. This work leads to the establishment of a method of predicting image noise for any given CT imaging protocol. Image uniformity is also assessed, in the context of noise levels in gel dosimetry. The effect of scanning protocol on imaging time is established and the dose resolution achievable with an optimized system is calculated given voxel size and imaging time constraints. These results, when compared with published values for MRI and optical CT gel dosimetry indicate that CT dose resolution (e.g. 5%, 1x1x3 mm 3 voxels), is still not at the level of the best MRI or optical CT techniques, however fast imaging times makes the rapid acquisition of volumetric data most feasible with x-ray CT. The third study investigates the potential of image filtering for improved dose resolution in CT gel dosimetry. CT image noise is characterized as Gaussian distributed and independent of signal strength and niters for reducing spatially invariant noise are investigated: mean, median, midpoint, adaptive mean, alphatrimmed mean, sigma mean and a relatively new filter called SUSAN. The filters are tested on a CT image of a PAG irradiated with a clinically relevant dose distribution. Filter performance varies greatly in both achieved dose resolution and affects on the spatial di...