Investigations of dynamics of a single spark-induced bubble in saline water

Abstract

We investigated the behavior of single bubbles generated by spark discharge under different electric fields and water properties. A higher discharge energy is known to generate a larger bubble. However, our results show that the hydraulic efficiency decreases with increasing charging voltage, but increases with increasing charging capacitance. We found that the water conductivity has little influence on the bubble behavior, whereas a higher water temperature generates a larger bubble with higher hydraulic efficiency. The experimental results agreed well with those of the Rayleigh–Plesset model. Overall, the hydraulic efficiency for spark-induced bubble ranges from 3.5% to 7.5%. This work helps to advance our understanding of spark-induced bubble dynamics and their applications.

Designing Hierarchical Soft Network Materials with Developable Lattice Nodes for High Stretchability

“…Apart from the geometric parameters (i.e., $$\bar{r}$$ and φ ) marked in the images, the normalized width ($$\bar{w}$$) and the joint angle ( θ ) are fixed as $$\bar{w}$$ = 0.04 and θ = 180°, respectively. h) Ashby plot of tensile strength ( σ b ) versus stretchability ( ε b ) for existing SNMs, [ 45,49–51,55 ] typical soft materials (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), [ 59 ] liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), [ 60 ] semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) hydrogel, [ 61 ] double network (DN) hydrogel [ 34 ] ), and HSNMs proposed in the current work. Scale bars, 10 mm in (g).…”

“…Figure 1h presents an Ashby plot that characterizes stretchability ( ε b ) and tensile strength ( σ b ) of the proposed HSNMs and some other representative soft materials reported previously in the literatures, including the existing SNMs, [ 45,49–51,55 ] polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), [ 59 ] liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), [ 60 ] semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) hydrogels, [ 61 ] and typical double network (DN) hydrogels. [ 34 ] It is observed that the HSNMs proposed in this work provide a considerably larger σ b ‐ ε b space than these typical soft materials.…”

An Anti‐Fatigue Design Strategy for 3D Ribbon‐Shaped Flexible Electronics

“…An important trend in the development of flexible electronic devices involves the evolution of planar arrangements of solid‐state elements [ 1–3 ] into 3D format, [ 4–11 ] which are of growing interest for a variety of emerging applications, ranging from micro‐/nano‐electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), [ 12–15 ] biomimetic devices, [ 5,16–19 ] to energy harvesters, [ 20–23 ] micro‐robotics, [ 24–27 ] and to bio‐integrated electronics. [ 28–33 ] Various approaches have been established to manufacture flexible electronics with arbitrarily designed 3D geometries across different length scales (e.g., from submicron to a few centimeters).…”

Flexible pressure sensors with microstructures

“…Benefiting from the great efforts made by the researchers across the world, flexible pressure sensors have experienced a great evolution, [ 36–45 ] with improved performances including sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), response speed, etc., [ 46–53 ] based on the enhancement of materials, [ 54–63 ] fabrication methods, [ 64–72 ] microstructure designs [ 73–81 ] and different working mechanisms, [ 82–90 ] enabling a variety of applications of flexible electronic field [ 14,91–96 ] (Figure 1). The progress of microstructural flexible pressure sensors in recent years is summarized in this review.…”