“…Left: For a fixed 't Hooft coupling 位 lat = 0.5, only per-mille-level fluctuations are observed for U(N ) gauge groups with N = 2, 3 and 4, up to the largest accessible volumes. Right: For a fixed 4 4 lattice volume, the U(2) phase fluctuations increase significantly for stronger couplings, which obstructs studies of 位 lat 4 with this lattice action limit [34,42,52,84,98,99,107,116,120]. Lowerdimensional systems can also be used as testbeds for different algorithmic approaches, such as the complex Langevin method used to explore spontaneous supersymmetry breaking in Ref.…”