Investigations of the evaporation of selected pesticides from natural and model surfaces in field and laboratory

Boehncke, A.; Siebers, Johannes; Nolting, H.-G.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90132-d

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A Japanese study in the 1970s reported using 10 kg Lindane ha )1 applied yearly to field plots , while an application rate of 0.15 kg Lindane ha )1 was reported as normal in the 1980s by Boehncke et al (1990). The majority of remaining sources have cited typical application rates of Lindane, from the 1960s to present, that range from 1 to 6 kg ha )1 , or 1 to 15 mg kg )1 soil (Bharati et al 1998;Bintein & Devillers 1996;Doelman et al 1990;MacRae et al 1967;Martinez-Toledo et al 1993;Waliszewski 1993).…”

Section: Hch Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) by microorganisms

Seech²,

et al. 2005

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The organochlorine pesticide Lindane is the gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Technical grade Lindane contains a mixture of HCH isomers which include not only gamma-HCH, but also large amounts of predominantly alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH. The physical properties and persistence of each isomer differ because of the different chlorine atom orientations on each molecule (axial or equatorial). However, all four isomers are considered toxic and recalcitrant worldwide pollutants. Biodegradation of HCH has been studied in soil, slurry and culture media but very little information exists on in situ bioremediation of the different isomers including Lindane itself, at full scale. Several soil microorganisms capable of degrading, and utilizing HCH as a carbon source, have been reported. In selected bacterial strains, the genes encoding the enzymes involved in the initial degradation of Lindane have been cloned, sequenced, expressed and the gene products characterized. HCH is biodegradable under both oxic and anoxic conditions, although mineralization is generally observed only in oxic systems. As is found for most organic compounds, HCH degradation in soil occurs at moderate temperatures and at near neutral pH. HCH biodegradation in soil has been reported at both low and high (saturated) moisture contents. Soil texture and organic matter appear to influence degradation presumably by sorption mechanisms and impact on moisture retention, bacterial growth and pH. Most studies report on the biodegradation of relatively low (< 500 mg/kg) concentrations of HCH in soil. Information on the effects of inorganic nutrients, organic carbon sources or other soil amendments is scattered and inconclusive. More in-depth assessments of amendment effects and evaluation of bioremediation protocols, on a large scale, using soil with high HCH concentrations, are needed.

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Section: Hch Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) by microorganisms

Seech²,

et al. 2005

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“…Adsorption and its dependence on soil moisture is the most important factor reducing volatilization from soil (3,5,6). Due to adsorption, volatilization from soils is generally much lower compared to volatilization from plants (7)(8)(9). Although the sorption capacity of plant surfaces is considered to be much lower compared to soil, it has to be emphasized that plant surfaces are interfering surfaces since absorption into and uptake through the cuti cle are processes antagonistic to pesticide volatilization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Stork

Ophoff

Smelt

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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Volatilization of pesticides is either measured under artificial, constant conditions in the laboratory or using micrometeorological measurements in the field, both having their specific limitations. A wind tunnel erected above a lysimeter combines the advantages of both methods: simulated field conditions, use of radiolabeled compounds, detection of metabo lites and mass balances. The volatilization behavior of four pesticides was studied under simu lated field conditions in the wind tunnel. In two experiments, simultane ous, parallel measurements were carried out in the field. High volatiliza tion rates from plants were detected for fenpropimorph and parathion -methyl (up to 50 % d -1 ) whereas clopyralid showed only a very low volatilization. Generally, volatilization started immediately after appli cation at relatively high rates, rapidly decreasing to a considerably lower level, where a diurnal rhythm was observed. Volatilization rates corre sponded well with data from the simultaneous field measurements. Plant uptake was a major process counteracting pesticide volatilization. Vola tilization from bare soil was only slight for parathion-methyl (2 %) and terbuthylazine (0.5 %) during a 3-week wind-tunnel experiment. The volatilization rates were strongly dependent on soil moisture. A diurnal rhythm was observed right from the beginning. Simultaneously meas ured volatilization rates in the field were considerably higher due to dif ferences in soil moisture, application volume of water, and irrigation in tensity. The occurrence of non-identified metabolites in air samples sug gests that for many pesticides metabolic processes, possibly due to pho tolysis on plant or soil surfaces plays an important role in their dissipa tion.

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“…In addition substances can be adsorbed on to soil surfaces which will tend to reduce evaporation, e.g. it has been shown that as soil surfaces dry volatilisation slows due to increased adsorption [36], whilst on plant surfaces, especially from relatively rough leaves such as bean and wheat plants, evaporation can be significantly more important when compared to evaporation from soil [37][38][39], Leaf wax can also have an effect on volatilisation as the more lipophilic pesticides will tend to be dissolved in it [40,41], Pesticides will also occur bound to small particles or in aerosols in the atmosphere as a result of spray drift or wind erosion of treated soil. Thus, the use of vapour pressure or even of the Henry's Law Constant cannot be used alone to predict the occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Commission On Agrochemicals and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have been carried out under laboratory and simulated field conditions [39,[42][43][44] to simulate volatilization of pesticides under true field conditions. Similarly, studies have also been carried out under controlled conditions in the field [24,45], Laboratory and field procedures for assessment of the inherent tendency of pesticides to volatilise into the air have also been proposed [46] and compared [47,48], Whilst these types of studies can provide a means of evaluating the effects of various microclimatic parameters they are not easy to carry out, particularly for pesticides with low volatility, and results must be interpreted with care.…”

Section: Commission On Agrochemicals and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Investigations of the evaporation of selected pesticides from natural and model surfaces in field and laboratory

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) by microorganisms

Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) by microorganisms

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

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