Investigations of Ultradian and Circadian Rhythms in the Concentration of Cortisol and Prolactin in the Plasma of Dairy Cattle

Fulkerson, WJ; Sawyer, GJ; Gow, C. B.

doi:10.1071/bi9800557

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In diurnal animals, cortisol secretion is timed primarily by sleep-wake activities, with concentrations being highest in the early morning and lowest at night [Fulkerson et al, 1980;Thun et al, 1981;Czeisler and Klerman, 1999;Luboshitzky, 2000]. In both Asian and African elephants, nadir concentrations were observed from 2100 to 0500 hr, after which cortisol increased to a peak at about 0600 hr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In other species, circulating cortisol secretion is dynamic and pulsatile, so it can be difficult to obtain an accurate measure of baseline through random sampling. Many also exhibit a diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion [Hudson et al, 1975;Fulkerson et al, 1980;Irvine and Alexander, 1994;Ingram et al, 1999], so timing of sample collection needs to be standardized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods

et al. 2010

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Longitudinal urine samples were collected from Asian and African elephants to assess sample processing and immunoassay techniques for monitoring adrenal activity. Temporal profiles of urinary cortisol measured by RIA and EIA, with and without dichloromethane extraction, were similar; all correlation coefficients were >0.90. However, based on regression analyses, cortisol immunoactivity in extracted samples was only 72-81% of that of unextracted values. Within assay technique, RIA values were only 74-81% of EIA values. Collection of 24-hr urine samples demonstrated a clear diurnal pattern of glucocorticoid excretion, with the lowest concentrations observed just before midnight and peak concentrations occurring around 0600-0800 hr. These results indicate that elephants fit the pattern of a diurnal species, and that glucocorticoid production is affected by a sleep-wake cycle similar to that described for other terrestrial mammals. Cortisol can be measured in both extracted and unextracted urine using RIA and EIA methodologies. However, unexplained differences in quantitative results suggest there may be sample matrix effects and that data generated using different techniques may not be directly comparable or interchangeable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods

et al. 2010

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“…When psychological stress is kept at a minimum, physiological reactions and endocrine changes are mostly related to the intensity of the thermal stress and the heat tolerance of the animals. There is a high variability in the basal cortisol levels among species, breeds and individuals of wild and domestic ungulates (Alvarez and Johnson 1971;Fulkerson et al 1980;Aganga et al 1990). In thermoneutral environments, cattle blood cortisol concentrations varies widely: 1,5-5, 9 μ.dl −1 ; 0,82-2,5 μ.dl −1 ; 1,0-1,6 μ.dl −1 (Ingraham et al 1976;Fulkerson et al 1980;Wise et al 1988 that the breed and individuals are the main source of variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of thermal stress on physiological parameters, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormones concentration in Alentejana, Mertolenga, Frisian and Limousine cattle breeds

et al. 2007

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The aim of the present study was to assess the heat tolerance of animals of two Portuguese (Alentejana and Mertolenga) and two exotic (Frisian and Limousine) cattle breeds, through the monitoring of physiological acclimatization reactions in different thermal situations characterized by alternate periods of thermoneutrality and heat stress simulated in climatic chambers. In the experiment, six heifers of the Alentejana, Frisian and Mertolenga breeds and four heifers of the Limousine breed were used. The increase in chamber temperatures had different consequences on the animals of each breed. When submitted to heat stress, the Frisian animals developed high thermal polypnea (more than 105 breath movements per minute), which did not prevent an increase in the rectal temperature (from 38.7 degrees C to 40.0 degrees C). However, only a slight depression in food intake and in blood thyroid hormone concentrations was observed under thermal stressful conditions. Under the thermal stressful conditions, Limousine animals decreased food intake by 11.4% and blood triiodothyronine (T3) hormone concentration decreased to 76% of the level observed in thermoneutral conditions. Alentejana animals had similar reactions. The Mertolenga cattle exhibited the highest capacity for maintaining homeothermy: under heat stressful conditions, the mean thermal polypnea increased twofold, but mean rectal temperature did not increase. Mean food intake decreased by only 2% and mean T3 blood concentration was lowered to 85,6% of the concentration observed under thermoneutral conditions. These results lead to the conclusion that the Frisian animals had more difficulty in tolerating high temperatures, the Limousine and Alentejana ones had an intermediate difficulty, and the Mertolenga animals were by far the most heat tolerant.

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“…In ruminants, contradictory reports exist about the presence of circadian rhythms in basal plasma cortisol concentrations. For example, in cattle several authors have reported a circadian rhythm in cortisol concentrations (Hays et al 1975, Fulkerson et al 1980, Thun et al 1981, Lefcourt et al 1993 whereas Hudson et al (1975) failed to detect any circadian rhythm. Such rhythms in cortisol concentrations have not been identified in white-tailed deer (Bubenik et al 1983), rusa deer (van Mourik & Stelmasiak 1984) or Eld's deer (Monfort et al 1993), although the existence of a circadian rhythm in the latter study could not be ruled out as the animals were blood sampled for only 10 h per day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and yarding in unrestrained red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags

Ingram

Crockford²,

Matthews³

1999

Journal of Endocrinology

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Seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous ACTH or a standardised stressor during November (period of velvet growth), February (pre-rut), April (mid-rut) and July (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (DracPac).Ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma cortisol were observed resulting from the episodic secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex at a mean rate of 0·8 pulses/h. Circadian rhythms in plasma cortisol concentrations were also found in 11 out of the 20 complete 24 h profiles (mean amplitude, 3·8 1·4 ng/ml).Seasonal rhythms in mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations and cortisol pulse parameters were also observed. Mean 24 h plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in November (12·5 1·0 ng/ml) than in February (6·3 1·0 ng/ml), April (4·0 1·0 ng/ml) or July (4·2 1·0 ng/ml). Cortisol pulse height, nadir and amplitude were all significantly higher in November than at other times of the year (P<0·01).Peak cortisol concentrations following infusion of ACTH 1-24 (0·04 IU kg -1 ) were higher (P<0·05) in November (55·8 2·7 ng/ml) and lower (P<0·001) in April (33·7 1·8 ng/ml) than those in February and July (48·7 2·0 ng/ml and 45·4 2·0 ng/ml respectively). The area under the cortisol response curve was significantly smaller (P<0·05) in April (266·6 15·3 ng/ml/ 190 min) than at other times of the year (February, 366·1 15·3 ng/ml/190 min; July, 340·7 15·3 ng/ml/ 190 min and November, 387·8 21·2 ng/ml/190 min).These data demonstrate that the adrenal gland of the red deer stag exhibits ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in activity, and that its responsiveness to ACTH varies with season. November, a period of reproductive quiescence in the southern hemisphere, with new antler growth and rapid weight gain, is associated with higher mean plasma cortisol concentrations and a greater responsiveness to exogenous ACTH. In contrast, the breeding season is associated with lower adrenal activity and responsiveness.

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Investigations of Ultradian and Circadian Rhythms in the Concentration of Cortisol and Prolactin in the Plasma of Dairy Cattle

Cited by 35 publications

References 20 publications

Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods

Assessment of diurnal urinary cortisol excretion in Asian and African elephants using different endocrine methods

Effect of thermal stress on physiological parameters, feed intake and plasma thyroid hormones concentration in Alentejana, Mertolenga, Frisian and Limousine cattle breeds

Ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and yarding in unrestrained red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags

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