Investigations of Velocity Fluctuations in a Turbulent Flow

Wattendorf, F. L.

doi:10.2514/8.202

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Since u' = l(d,U/dy), then from Equations 1 and 7, neglecting µ as compared with e, The turbulence measurements give (m')8 as a function of y, and / is obtained from Figure 5. Figure 8 shows typical values of R, compared with certain data of Wattendorf and of Reichardt (7,12). Similar curves were obtained for carbon dioxide and helium (series DC and DH).…”

Section: Comparison Of Results With Theorysupporting

confidence: 65%

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Mass Transfer between Phases Role of Eddy Diffusion

Sherwood¹,

Woertz²

1939

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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varies from year to year and the amount of water withdrawn, which is the only factor under the control of the users. If the amount of water withdrawn lowers the fresh water head sufficiently, salt water will move up the formation.In the early days of Houston, flowing wells could be obtained almost anywhere within the present city limits, and the artesian head in some wells was sufficient to raise the water from 15 to 30 feet above the ground. Now the artesian head is about 80 feet below the surface in the downtown part of Houston. Between 1920 and 1931 the decline in artesian head averaged about 4 feet a year. Between 1931 and 1936 there was little decline in artesian head in the heavily pumped Houston-Pasadena district. In the area to the south and southeast of Houston, however, the artesian head declined markedly. In 1937 new wells were put down in Pasadena which are reported to have a combined capacity of 20,000,000 gallons a day, an increase of about 40 per cent over the average pumpage for 1931-36. From March, 1937, when these wells were put into operation, to March,. 1938. there was a pronounced decline in water levels in observation wells in the Houston-Pasadena district, particularly in those within 4 miles of the new wells. In two wells, 6/s and ls/4 miles distant, respectively, the decline in water level was 35 feet in the 12-month period. Saky^KaieLjAJam$Ln-iaHie nptffir distant dowmthe dipjnjhe-deeperjjeds, from which a large part of the water in the Houston district is drawn. There is, therefore, a distinct possibility that any large decline in artesian head may result in the encroachment of salty water into the wells of the district. Fortunately such an encroachment is likely to be slow, and can be watched and to a degree anticipated if proper observations are made.The progress report on the ground water resources of the Houston district (3), published in March, 1937, recommends that (a) there should be no increase in pumping igthp.-HnuKtori district, (6) addSlQÜ5rsñüHiés~o7 ground water .should be obtained at a sufficient distance fromlhe clIyAo avoid undue interception oí water_thai 5~repienishing the ground water reservoir in the heavily pumpedJHouston-Pasadena area, and (c) prodigal^ndlrast^SlTiieoI water should be eliminated.

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Section: Comparison Of Results With Theorysupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Taylor's vorticity transport theory (S, 9) leads to E = 2 v'lR (12) provided l is assumed independent of y. The various theories agree, therefore, in that E should be proportional to the product of ' and l. This proportionality may be tested by the data obtained in the work to be described.…”

Section: It Follows From Equations 1 and 4 Thatmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mass Transfer between Phases Role of Eddy Diffusion

Sherwood¹,

Woertz²

1939

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…"The assumption of similar flow patterns is identical with the assumption of constant correlation between the components of the velocity fluctuations", Kármán pointed to the significance of such measurements from which he hoped to corroborate his derivation of the wall law (von Kármán 1934, p. 8). While his collaborator at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), Frank Wattendorf, published first results of such measurements of turbulent air flow in a rectangular channel (Wattendorf 1936), Kármán further elaborated the statistical theory of turbulence so that also the energy balance of turbulent channel flow could be computed from the velocity fluctuations (von Kármán 1937).…”

Section: Later Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence

Eckert

2020

Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.

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Pipe flow has been a challenge that gave rise to investigations on turbulence—long before turbulence was discerned as a research problem in its own right. The discharge of water from elevated reservoirs through long conduits such as for the fountains at Versailles suggested investigations about the resistance in relation to the different diameters and lengths of the pipes as well as the speed of flow. Despite numerous measurements of hydraulic engineers, the data could not be reproduced by a commonly accepted formula, not to mention a theoretical derivation. The resistance of air flow in long pipes for the supply of blast furnaces or mine air appeared even more inaccessible to rational elaboration. In the nineteenth century, it became gradually clear that there were two modes of pipe flow, laminar and turbulent. While the former could be accommodated under the roof of hydrodynamic theory, the latter proved elusive. When the wealth of turbulent pipe flow data in smooth tubes was displayed as a function of the Reynolds number, the empirically observed friction factor served as a guide for the search of a fundamental law about turbulent skin friction. By 1930, a logarithmic “wall law” seemed to resolve this quest. Yet pipe flow has not been exhausted as a research subject. It still ranks high on the agenda of turbulence research—both the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and fully developed turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers.

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Momentum and mass transfer by eddy diffusioin in a wetted‐wall channel

Dhanak

1958

AIChE Journal

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The role of eddy diffusion of mass (water vapor) and momentum was investigated in a specially devised wetted-wall channel in which the rippling of the liquid film was eliminated.The experimental measurements of the turbulent exchange coefficients for mass and momentum transport were carried out in a fully developed turbulent flow of air within the range of Reynolds numbers of 8,000 to 160,000. A correlation with Reynolds number revealed an approximately linear relationship of the eddy diffusivities to Reynolds number @quation (4)]. From the hot-wire measurements it was found that within the main portion of the turbulent core eddy diffusivities remained fairly constant.

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Investigations of Velocity Fluctuations in a Turbulent Flow

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Mass Transfer between Phases Role of Eddy Diffusion

Mass Transfer between Phases Role of Eddy Diffusion

Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence

Momentum and mass transfer by eddy diffusioin in a wetted‐wall channel

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