Investigations on potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludges

Gihr, Regine; Klöpffer, Walter; Rippen, Gerd; Partscht, H.; Stoll, Uwe; Müller, Jochen F.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90013-4

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The range (median; mean) of I-TEQ values was 0.49 to 2321 (37; 83) ng/kg DW, using half the detection limit value as the concentration of nondetected congeners. Gihr et al (1991) reported on an extensive survey of 72 German sewage sludges collected in 1989. The mean ZPCDD/F content was -20,000 ng/kg, ranging between 1700 and 150,000 ng/kg.…”

Section: Xpcdd/f and Teq Concentrations In Sewage Sludges: The Keymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an important paper, Gihr et al (1991) estimated that -50 kg of ZPCDD/F were introduced into German sludges in 1989. They then tried to balance this estimated burden with several of the potential sources listed above.…”

Section: Combustion Vs Chloroaromatic Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In total, their estimates accounted for ~29 kg/year, or 60% of the annual load. Gihr et al (1991) concluded by saying that several peak concentrations of PCDD/Fs in sewage sludge may be attributed to impurities in PCP, especially if used in the textile and leather industry. However, they believed that PCP impurities were not responsible for the broad and relatively high background contamination observed.…”

Section: Combustion Vs Chloroaromatic Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore reasonable to expect that de novo formation of the HpCDDs and OCDD in sewage sludge will do so too. Gihr et al (1991) used data from Svenson et al (1989) to estimate that the annual biogenic formation of ZPCDD/F in Germany from chlorophenols and PCP was 2.4 kg. It may therefore be appropriate to consider sewage sludge as a primary as well as a secondary source of PCDD/Fs.…”

Section: Formation In Wwtpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Jones

Sewart

1997

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) are two groups of organic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment at ultratrace levels, but that have attracted considerable scientific and political concern because of their environmental persistence, tendency to bioaccumulate through the foodchain, and toxicity. In recent years they have attracted particular interest because of their presence in sewage sludges, and they have been included on listings of the "priority organic contaminants". PCDD/Fs are not produced intentionally, but are released into the environment in ultratrace amounts from various combustion processes and as a result of their occurrence as unwanted byproducts in various chlorinated chemical formulations (e.g., pentachlorophenol, PCP). There is continuing uncertainty over the relative importance of different sources of PCDD/Fs to the environment. The lowest and highest TEQ values for sewage sludge reported in the literature are 0.5 and 4100 ng/kg (DW). U.K. data reported in three surveys range between 9 and 206 ng/kg, with typical or representative values internationally in the range of 20 to 100 ng/kg. Many sources have been suggested as potential contributors to the PCDD/F composition of sludges. Combustion-derived inputs will provide a "baseline" input to the environment and hence sludge, which may be supplemented by trace impurities released from the manufacture and use of various chloroaromatics. PCP use in textiles has attracted attention as an important contributor in Germany. More recently, impurities in a dyestuff chloroanil have attracted attention. Atmospheric deposition and sewage sludge would appear to supply roughly equal amounts of PCDD/F to U.K. soils each year, although deposition will supply a greater TEQ. Based on the average composition of individual 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs measured in U.K. sludges, OCDD has the greatest potential to be enriched in sludge-amended soil, followed by a range of Hp-and Hx-CDD/Fs and OCDF. These PCDD/Fs all have relatively low TEF values. Enrichment of the lower-chlorinated tetra-and penta-CDD/Fs that have higher TEFs is less marked.A simple pathways assessment procedure is presented, focusing on the transfers into milk and meat from pastureland and based on TEQs. This is designed for dairy and beef cattle separately. The scheme could accommodate differences in dietary composition, with animals eating a mixture of herbage, fodder/grain, soil, and (potentially) sludge. Scenarios for unsludged rural and urban and typical and worst-case sludge amendment are considered. Increases in livestock PCDD/F intake due to most routine sludge additions in rural areas are shown to be minor compared with the differences 1064-3389/97/$.50 © 1997 by CRC Press LLC 1 Downloaded by [University of South Florida] at 10:51 09 October 2014projected between rural and urban grazing pasture. The only exceptions to this would result from unusually high rates of soil or sludge ingested. An assessment is made of the influence of unsludged rural and urban an...

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Section: Xpcdd/f and Teq Concentrations In Sewage Sludges: The Keymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Vs Chloroaromatic Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Vs Chloroaromatic Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formation In Wwtpmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Jones

Sewart

1997

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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“…The contamination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in sewage sludge is well documented. Analytical results have been reported from the United States (Tiernan et al, 1997), Germany (Gihr et al, 1991;Hagenmaier et al, 1992), Sweden (Broman et al, 1990), the United Kingdom (Sewart et al, 1995) and Spain (Eljarrat et al, 1997 and1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of TEQ contributions from PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in sewage sludges from Catalonia, Spain

2003

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Eight sewage sludges from rural, urban and industrial waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Catalonia (Spain) were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) to determine the present levels of contamination.A method based on an automated cleanup system followed by an isotope-dilution highresolution mass spectrometric analysis was employed. Total Toxicity Equivalent (WHO-TEQ) values were calculated using the Toxicity Equivalent Factors (WHO-TEFs) proposed by WHO for dioxin-like PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. The WHO-TEQ PCDD/F values for these samples ranged from 4.9 to 20.8 pg/g d.w., with a mean value of 9.3 pg/g d.w., whereas WHO-TEQ PCB levels ranged between 1.9 and 6.6 pg/g d.w., with a mean value of 4.2 pg/g d.w. The WHO-TEQ PCB contribution varied from 13% to 50%, suggesting that PCB contribution on the toxicity of the samples must be taken into account. Moreover, these contemporary PCDD, PCDF and PCB concentrations were compared with previous data obtained from sewage sludge samples collected during the 80s. Our findings show that contemporary PCDD, PCDF and PCB levels have declined since the 80s.

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Sludge treatment, utilization, and disposal

Bowen¹,

Jackson²,

Corbitt³

et al. 1993

Water Environment Research

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Investigations on potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludges

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

A comparison of TEQ contributions from PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in sewage sludges from Catalonia, Spain

Sludge treatment, utilization, and disposal

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