Investigations on Primary and Secondary Recycling of PLA and its Composite for Biomedical and Sensing Applications

3D-printed conformal sensors for health monitoring of bovine post diaphragmatic hernia surgery: a review

“…Patch design and the fabrication process draw considerable attention in the field of implantable patch antennas, as they offer a lot of research opportunities to work on. Flexibility in design, compactness, patch shapes, Figure 1 Applications of AM in the medical domain Lim et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2022aSingh et al, , 2022bSingh et al, , 2022c Figure 2 Conformal test on the 3D-printed sensor 3D-printed conformal sensors miniaturization and conformability offered by MPA make them preferable over other sensing approaches (Zhou et al, 2007). Singh and Barwar (2023) developed an implantable sensor based on MPA through 3D printing to achieve a smooth surface finish for better radiation effect, performed an in vitro test on the sensor by providing body-like conditions and established the behavior of the smart implant under the effect of simulated body fluid (SBF).…”

“…the cross-section of the mesh is 100 Â 80 cm 2 whereas, the thickness of 1.6 mm was provided to it to sustain enough tension under varying loading conditions. The materials used for the patch and the ground plane were 17-4PH SS and Ti-6Al-4V, as these offer excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and improved mechanical strength (Singh et al, 2022a(Singh et al, , 2022b(Singh et al, , 2022c. The rectangular slots cut on the substrate, as well as the ground plane, were to remove the residual stresses from the components and make it an innovative design.…”

“…AM can produce patientspecific products and complex contours of biomedical scaffolds and implants that are not possible with any other processes (Kumar et al, 2016;Peel et al, 2018). Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a popular AM process that deals with thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers (Singh et al, 2022a(Singh et al, , 2022b(Singh et al, , 2022c. For medical applications like dental implants, prostheses, scaffolds and so on, the parts produced with FDM ensure high dimensional tolerance, low production cost and minimum wastage with less human interference (Trenfield et al, 2018;Yuan et al, 2019).…”

“…Biopolymers processed through FDM offer improved mechanical properties required for biomedical scaffolds (Tadeusiewicz, 2000). Materials such as poly-lactic acid (PLA) (Singh et al, 2022a(Singh et al, , 2022b(Singh et al, , 2022c, poly-caprolactone (Gardan, 2016), poly ether-ether ketone (Vaezi and Yang, 2015) and poly methyl-meth acrylate (Espalin et al, 2010) offer good biocompatibility as well as biodegradability and are found suitable for the medical domain. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), on the other hand, is a semicrystalline fluoropolymer that provides high tensile strength along with high impact toughness and is found suitable for sensing applications because of its piezoelectric behavior (Saxena and Shukla, 2021).…”

On PVDF composite as partially absorbable smart implants

“…In another study, polylactic acid (PLA) composite-based filament was used for the 3D printing of smart biomedical scaffolds. 16 The composite in this study was prepared by melt processing for possible online health monitoring.…”