Investigations on the effect of chlorine in lubricating oil and the presence of a diesel oxidation catalyst on PCDD/F releases from an internal combustion engine

Dyke, Patrick H.; Sutton, Mike; Wood, David; Marshall, Jonathan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.010

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Dyke et al [22] claimed that the DOC had in their testing a major effect of reducing PCDD/F emissions by approximately 80%, from 97 to 23 pg I-TEQ/L of fuel. In all runs, the concentration of PCDDs in exhaust gases exceeds that of PCDFs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No reference works dealing with on-road samplings in passenger vehicles have been found. Table S3 of the supporting information summarizes some published data concerning the main congeners (without toxicity factors), the congeners that contribute to the total toxicity I-TEQ (taking into account the toxicity factors), and the percentage x 100 of Page 5 of 32 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 PCDFs/(PCDFs+PCDDs) without and with TEF factors [2,3,6,8,[15][16][17][18][19]21,22,24,26,27,[29][30][31][32][33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

Rey

Font

Aracil

2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

Rey

Font

Aracil

2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Dyke et al 26 also observed irregular behavior in PCDD/F formation in their study and concluded that the emissions of PCDD/Fs could not be related to the level of chlorine in the lubricating oil or fuel, indicating that other factors control the emissions. The difficulties to establish correlations between chlorine routes and PCDD/F formation in both vehicles suggest that chlorinated compounds in the atmosphere could be significant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of Emission of Dioxins and Furans from Gasohol- and Ethanol-Powered Vehicles

Abrantes¹,

Assunção

Pesquero

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The exhaust emissions of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated in two spark-ignition light-duty vehicles, one gasohol-fueled and a flexible-fuel one fueled with hydrated ethanol. Gasohol is a mixture of gasoline and 22% ethanol. The influence of fuel type and quality, lubricant oil type, and use of fuel additives on the formation of these compounds was tested using standardized U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP)-75 cycle tests. The sampling of the PCDD/Fs followed the recommendations of a modified U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 23 (www.epa.gov/ttn/ emc/promgate/m-23.pdf) and the analysis basically followed the U.S. EPA Method 8290 (http://www.epa.gov/osw/ hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8290a.pdf). Results showed that emission factors of PCDD/Fs for the gasohol vehicle varied from undetected to 0.068 pg international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) km À1 (average of 0.0294 pg I-TEQ km À1), whereas in the ethanol vehicle they varied from 0.004 to 0.157 pg (I-TEQ) km À1 (average of 0.031 pg I-TEQ km À1

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“…In addition, chlorine is not routinely specified in engine fuels. Dyke et al (2007) have also analyzed the chloride content in both gasoline and diesel fuels sold by service stations. For nominally similar fuel sources from forecourts in Europe, there is a wide variation in measured chlorine level (0.1-6.9 mg/km; diesel average value: 1.23 mg/ km and gasoline average value: 3.6 mg/km).…”

Section: Determination Of Water-soluble Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various sources of chlorides have been reported in literature. First of all, the chlorides present in lubricating oils come mainly from dispersants, which are used to retain dirt in suspension and thereby protect the engine (Dyke et al, 2007). "Conventional dispersants" are manufactured using a process that results in a residual chloride concentration in the oil attached to long-chain organic molecules; typical levels are now in the range of 100-150 mg/km (few ppm) (Dyke et al, 2007).…”

Section: Determination Of Water-soluble Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse approach between tunnel environment and corrosion: Particulate matter in the Grand Mare tunnel

Ameur-Boudabbous

Kasperek

Barbier

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A tunnel-type semi-enclosed atmosphere is characterized by a higher particulate pollution than urban zones and highlights the particulate species having an impact on material degradation. Therefore, a transverse approach between air composition and its consequences upon longevity of materials is necessary, requiring a better knowledge of tunnel atmosphere and a better understanding of material degradation inside a tunnel for operating administration. The characterization of particulate matter collected inside a road tunnel in Rouen (France) allows us to set up the features of the particle characteristics of the real conditions of field exposure. Two sampling campaigns include analyses of organic and water-soluble ionic fractions. The current work shows that organic species, grouped into two sets derived primarily from engine exhaust and debris with wear particles resuspended by the traffic, are divided into two groups: a majority comprising n-alkanes, alkanoic acids, phthalates, ketones, and benzothiazole and a minority one composed of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), furans, phenols, and alkenes. As regards the water-soluble ionic fraction, the ionic species such as Cl, and Na þ are involved in the degradation process. The inorganic particles (insoluble and slightly soluble), debris and wear particles, organic acids, and relative humidity play a key role and are important factors to consider in the degradation process.Implications: Particles, together with relative humidity, can play an important role in the degradation of materials inside a road tunnel. Depth knowledge of the environment prevailing inside a tunnel improves the criteria for selection of materials of equipments contained therein. In the present study, it appears that the particulate mass can be divided into two groups with distinct effects: a water-soluble particle group is the source of ionic species involved in the degradation process, and a slightly water-soluble or insoluble particle group that acts as reservoir of condensed water when covering the surface of the material.

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Investigations on the effect of chlorine in lubricating oil and the presence of a diesel oxidation catalyst on PCDD/F releases from an internal combustion engine

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

PCDD/F emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles operated under highway conditions and a diesel-engine based power generator

Comparison of Emission of Dioxins and Furans from Gasohol- and Ethanol-Powered Vehicles

Transverse approach between tunnel environment and corrosion: Particulate matter in the Grand Mare tunnel

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