Investigations on the influence of wood‐inhabiting bacteria on the pH‐value in trees

Schmidt, Olaf

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1986.tb01058.x

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Herlihy et al [1987] observed high concentrations of bacteria in rain samples collected in Charlottesville, Virginia, and suggested that these bacteria were principally of vegetative origin. Production of carbox¾1ic acids by vegeta- tive microbes has been extensively documented [e.g., Schmidt, 1986;Rozycki and Strzelczyk, 1986], but the possibility of such production in atmospheric cloud droplets remains a matter of speculation. Bacterial activity in cloud droplets could actually provide a sink for carboxylic acids instead of a source; in particular, bacteria observed in rain samples were found to utilize efficiently HCOO-and CH3COO-, although this utilization did not begin until after an incubation period of a few days [Herlihy et al, 1987].…”

Section: The Simulated Concentrations Within the Canopy (Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia: 2. Wet season

et al. 1990

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We have determined the gas phase concentrations of formic (HCOOH), acetic (CH3COOH), and pyruvic (CH3C(O)COOH) acids in the forest canopy, boundary layer, and free troposphere over the central Amazon Basin during the April–May segment of the 1987 wet season. At 150‐m altitude in the boundary layer the daytime average concentrations were 430±225, 340±155, and 25± 5 ppt for HCOOH, CH3COOH, and CH3C(O)COOH, respectively. These values were fivefold lower than those observed in the 1985 dry season. Concentrations measured near canopy top were not significantly different from boundary layer values (P = 0.10), while concentrations in the lower canopy were significantly less. Concentrations in the free troposphere (5 km) were lower than in the boundary layer and averaged 170±40, 210±40, and 15±15 ppt for HCOOH, CH3COOH, and CH3C(O)COOH, respectively. Fivefold enhancements of CH3C(O)COOH concentrations were observed in convective outflows at 5‐ to 6‐km altitudes. Aerosol carboxylate concentrations were usually below our detection limit of 5–10 ppt. Preliminary branch enclosure measurements indicated significant direct emission of carboxylic acids by vegetation. A one‐dimensional photochemical model for the canopy and the boundary layer was used to examine the contributions from various sources to the carboxylic acid budgets. Model results indicate that direct emissions from vegetation can account for most of the concentrations observed in the canopy. These emissions peak during the daytime hours, and 24‐hour average upward fluxes at canopy top are 4.4×109, 3.7×109, and 2.8×108 molecules cm−2 s−1 for HCOOH, CH3COOH, and CH3C(O)COOH, respectively. However, direct emissions from vegetation can account for only a small fraction of the observed carboxylic acid concentrations in the boundary layer, suggesting a large contribution from atmospheric sources. The atmospheric reactions previously suggested in the literature as sources of carboxylic acids (gas phase decomposition of isoprene, CH3CO3 + peroxy, aqueous phase oxidation of CH2O) appear to be too slow to explain the observed concentrations. Other atmospheric reactions, so far unidentified, could make a major contribution to the carboxylic acid budgets.

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Section: The Simulated Concentrations Within the Canopy (Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia: 2. Wet season

et al. 1990

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“…Streptomyces isolates also grew on corn stover at pH 5.6 and 9.0, which suggest an ability to grow in a diversity of insect-associated environments, such as frass and galleries. The capillary liquids of fir, spruce and poplar are near pH 6.0 (Schmidt, 1986), and colonization of frass and insect galleries by other bacteria has been shown (Dillon et al, 2002;Scott et al, 2008). If bacteria colonize woody substrates ingested by S. noctilio larvae, utilization of predigested materials or enzymes would benefit development, similar to the hypothesized model for the fungal mutualist A. areolatum (Kukor and Martin, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Cellulose-degrading bacteria associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio

et al. 2011

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Sirex noctilio is an invasive wood-feeding wasp that threatens the world's commercial and natural pine forests. Successful tree colonization by this insect is contingent on the decline of host defenses and the ability to utilize the woody substrate as a source of energy. We explored its potential association with bacterial symbionts that may assist in nutrient acquisition via plant biomass deconstruction using growth assays, culture-dependent and -independent analysis of bacterial frequency of association and whole-genome analysis. We identified Streptomyces and c-Proteobacteria that were each associated with 94% and 88% of wasps, respectively. Streptomyces isolates grew on all three cellulose substrates tested and across a range of pH 5.6 to 9. On the basis of whole-genome sequencing, three Streptomyces isolates have some of the highest proportions of genes predicted to encode for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme) of sequenced Actinobacteria. c-Proteobacteria isolates grew on a cellulose derivative and a structurally diverse substrate, ammonia fiber explosion-treated corn stover, but not on microcrystalline cellulose. Analysis of the genome of a Pantoea isolate detected genes putatively encoding for CAZymes, the majority predicted to be active on hemicellulose and more simple sugars. We propose that a consortium of microorganisms, including the described bacteria and the fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum, has complementary functions for degrading woody substrates and that such degradation may assist in nutrient acquisition by S. noctilio, thus contributing to its ability to be established in forested habitats worldwide.

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“…Soil amendments with sucrose or NH 4 NO 3 /casein resulted in considerable pH changes in the tendency reported by SCHMIDT (1986) for microbial liquid cultures. The high level of soluble metals and widely undissociated fatty acids at low pH in s-soil may be detrimental to the growth of plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Increased solubility of (heavy) metals in soil during microbial transformations of sucrose and casein amendments

Gramss¹,

Voigt²,

Bublitz³

et al. 2003

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Unsterile soil samples pH 6.8 were amended with 10% sucrose or 0.1% NH4NO3/2% casein to influence solubility of metal cations. Microbial formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids reduced pH of sucrose soil to 4.3 and increased the solubility of heavy metals by 60-fold due to the increased presence of H+, and the metal-chelating and humic-molecule fragmenting properties of carboxylic acids. Soil pH increased finally to 7.8 upon the degradation of the carboxylic acids. In casein soil, ammonia production increased pH initially to 8.5 and promoted solubility of metal-containing humic compounds. Subsequent nitrification reduced pH to 5.6 to increase concentations of Ca and Mg in the soil solution, which prevented a comparable increase in the solubility of heavy metals competitively. It is concluded that amendment with sugar and nitrogen occasionally increases the concentrations of (hazardous) elements in the soil solution to facilitate their uptake by metal hyperaccumulating plants.

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Investigations on the influence of wood‐inhabiting bacteria on the pH‐value in trees

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia: 2. Wet season

Sources and sinks of formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids over central Amazonia: 2. Wet season

Cellulose-degrading bacteria associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio

Increased solubility of (heavy) metals in soil during microbial transformations of sucrose and casein amendments

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