Investment in adult reproductive tissues is affected by larval growth conditions but not by evolution under poor larval growth conditions in Drosophila melanogaster

Kapila, Rohit; Poddar, Soumyadip; Meena, Neeraj Kumar; Prasad, Nagaraj Guru

doi:10.1016/j.cris.2021.100027

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Particularly, whether or not the carried‐over phenotypic changes in adults observed in this study contributes as adaptive strategies for the next generation is an interesting question. A recent experimental evolution study in D. melanogaster showed that more than 100 generations of adaptation to larval crowding resulted in a size reduction of male reproduction organs, but this plastic response to larval crowding treatment did not change (Kapila et al, 2022). This suggests that the size reduction of adult reproductive organs in response to larval crowding may not provide a fitness advantage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of larval crowding on the transcriptome of Drosophila simulans

Buchner,

Hsu,

Nolte

et al. 2023

Evolutionary Applications

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Larval crowding is one common ecological stressor for many insect species. In Drosophila, high larval density alters multiple widely‐studied phenotypes including life‐history traits, morphology and behavior. Nevertheless, we still miss a holistic view of the full range of phenotypic changes and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the adult transcriptomes of high and low larval density fly cohorts, and highlighted the molecular basis of the plastic traits. Increased cellular energy metabolism and locomotion, along with reduced reproductive investment, are key responses to high larval density. Moreover, we compared the expression changes among cohorts with different developmental delays caused by larval crowding. The majority of genes induced by larval crowding showed the strongest expression alterations in cohorts with intermediate delay. Furthermore, linear expression changes were observed in genes related to nutrition and detoxification. Comparing different high‐density cohorts could provide insights into the varied responses to distinct larval crowding‐induced stresses such as space competition, food degradation and waste accumulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of larval crowding on the transcriptome of Drosophila simulans

Buchner,

Hsu,

Nolte

et al. 2023

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Based on classical theories of sperm competition [ 62 – 64 ], high larval density is expected to lead to increasing ejaculate investment due to perceived sperm competition, which has been supported by empirical evidence of increasing sperm count or spermatophore size [ 65 – 67 ]. Increased larval density has also been shown to negatively affect body size and accessory gland size in D. melanogaster [ 68 ], and the effect on accessory gland size remained even when body size was held constant in all larval density treatments [ 38 ]. Our manipulation of larval density resulted in smaller adult males at high density, and we expected that the expression of Sfp genes should also be impacted by larval density conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A predominant role of genotypic variation in both expression of sperm competition genes and paternity success inDrosophila melanogaster

Patlar,

Fulham,

Civetta

2023

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Sperm competition is a crucial aspect of male reproductive success in many species, including Drosophila melanogaster, and seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) can influence sperm competitiveness. However, the combined effect of environmental and genotypic variation on sperm competition gene expression remains poorly understood. Here, we used Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) inbred lines and manipulated developmental population density (i.e. larval density) to test the effects of genotype, environment and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) on the expression of the known sperm competition genes Sex Peptide , Acp36DE and CG9997 . High larval density resulted in reduced adult body size, but expression of sperm competition genes remained unaffected. Furthermore, we found no significant GEI but genotypic effects in the expression of SP and Acp36DE . Our results also revealed GEI for relative competitive paternity success (second male paternity; P2), with genes’ expression positively correlated with P2. Given the effect of genotype on the expression of genes, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and identified polymorphisms in putative cis -regulatory elements as predominant factors regulating the expression of SP and Acp36DE . The association of genotypic variation with sperm competition outcomes, and the resilience of sperm competition genes’ expression against environmental challenges, demonstrates the importance of genome variation background in reproductive fitness.

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“…BL52875 and BL44268 express dsRNA for RNAi of cSPH35 (CG5390) and cSPH242 (CG40160) under the control of GAL4, which binds UAS enhancer ( 33 ). The flies were maintained on a standard diet at 25°C ( 34 ). Newly emerged male adults (BL4414) with the GAL4 driver were mated with virgin female adults (BL52875 or BL44268) and F1 offspring from these crosses with straight wings were collected 1–2 day-post-eclosion and transferred onto the fresh diet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two clip-domain serine protease homologs, cSPH35 and cSPH242, act as a cofactor for prophenoloxidase-1 activation in Drosophila melanogaster

Jin,

Wang,

Yin

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Insect phenoloxidases (POs) catalyze phenol oxygenation and o-diphenol oxidation to form reactive intermediates that kill invading pathogens and form melanin polymers. To reduce their toxicity to host cells, POs are produced as prophenoloxidases (PPOs) and activated by a serine protease cascade as required. In most insects studied so far, PPO activating proteases (PAPs) generate active POs in the presence of a high Mr cofactor, comprising two serine protease homologs (SPHs) each with a Gly residue replacing the catalytic Ser of an S1A serine protease (SP). These SPHs have a regulatory clip domain at the N-terminus, like most of the SP cascade members including PAPs. In Drosophila, PPO activation and PO-catalyzed melanization have been examined in genetic analyses but it is unclear if a cofactor is required for PPO activation. In this study, we produced the recombinant cSPH35 and cSPH242 precursors, activated them with Manduca sexta PAP3, and confirmed their predicted role as a cofactor for Drosophila PPO1 activation by MP2 (i.e., Sp7). The cleavage sites and mechanisms for complex formation and cofactor function are highly similar to those reported in M. sexta. In the presence of high Mr complexes of the cSPHs, PO at a high specific activity of 260 U/μg was generated in vitro. To complement the in vitro analysis, we measured hemolymph PO activity levels in wild-type flies, cSPH35, and cSPH242 RNAi lines. Compared with the wild-type flies, only 4.4% and 18% of the control PO level (26 U/μl) was detected in the cSPH35 and cSPH242 knockdowns, respectively. Consistently, percentages of adults with a melanin spot at the site of septic pricking were 82% in wild-type, 30% in cSPH35 RNAi, and 53% in cSPH242 RNAi lines; the survival rate of the control (45%) was significantly higher than those (30% and 15%) of the two RNAi lines. These data suggest that Drosophila cSPH35 and cSPH242 are components of a cofactor for MP2-mediated PPO1 activation, which are indispensable for early melanization in adults.

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Investment in adult reproductive tissues is affected by larval growth conditions but not by evolution under poor larval growth conditions in Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Effects of larval crowding on the transcriptome of Drosophila simulans

Effects of larval crowding on the transcriptome of Drosophila simulans

A predominant role of genotypic variation in both expression of sperm competition genes and paternity success inDrosophila melanogaster

Two clip-domain serine protease homologs, cSPH35 and cSPH242, act as a cofactor for prophenoloxidase-1 activation in Drosophila melanogaster

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