“…First, since most of the academic articles on CCFS are about firms in developed markets, we consider emerging markets in the study. Second, studies in the literature analyze a single country's data, such as Turkey (Arslan et al 2006;Erdogan, 2018), Taiwan (Lin, 2007), South Korea (Koo & Maeng, 2018), and Vietnam (Tran, 2020a). In this study, we aim to contribute to the literature by including firm datasets from more countries.…”