“…A large number of these studies, however, take an indirect approach. The likely effect of sentiment on returns is deduced from the investigation of other variables (Kurov, 2010;Kaplanski & Levy, 2012;Kaustia & Knupfer, 2012) or specific events such as natural disasters (Kaplanski & Levy, 2010;Shan & Gong, 2012), manmade disasters (Drakos, 2010), sporting events (Chang, Chen, Chou & Lin, 2012;Curatola, Donadelli, Kizys & Riedel, 2016), and religious festivities (Białkowski, Etebari & Wisniewski, 2012). The sentiment, inferred using the aforementioned methods, may not represent investor sentiment in its entirely or may misrepresent sentiment.…”