“…Also, researchers used various proxies for sentiments, such as market liquidity, IPO data, trading volumes, and news or Twitter data (Baker and Stein, 2004 [45]; Dorn, 2009 [46]; Da, Engelberg, and Gao, 2015 [47]; Liao, Huang and Wu, 2011 [48]). Using these proxies, previous studies estimated the effect of sentiment on subsequent stock returns (Baker and Wurgler, 2006 [11]; Bathia and Bredin, 2013 [49]; Corredor, Ferrer, and Santamaria, 2013 [50]; Gao and Yang, 2017 [51]; Mangee, 2017 [52]; Ryu, Kim, and Yang, 2017 [20]; Schmeling, 2009 [43]; Yang, Ryu, and Ryu, 2017 [21]). In particular, Baker and Wurgler (2006) [11] measured market-wide investor sentiment using a principal component analysis of sentiment proxies (i.e., closed-end fund discounts, the turnover ratio, the number of initial public offerings (IPOs), the first-day returns of IPOs, dividend premiums, and the share of total equity and debt issues that are equity issues).…”