“…Jumps often contain valuable information that is connected to extreme conditions ( Ma et al, 2019 ). More specifically, people are more sensitive to sharp fluctuations (jumps) in the stock market during the COVID-19 pandemic or the crisis because of the increase of investor fear increase ( Smales and Kininmonth, 2016 ; Ergun and Durukan, 2017 ; Goldstein et al, 2017 ; Chang et al, 2020 ; Ftiti et al, 2021 ). In addition, existing studies find that models tend to have better performance during recessions ( Rapach et al, 2010 ; Neely et al, 2014 ).…”