Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Lehtonen, Mikko; Akita, Motomu; Frank, Wolfgang; Reski, Ralf; Valkonen, Jari P. T.

doi:10.1094/mpmi-10-11-0265

Cited by 62 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In contrast, treatment with the fungal PAMP chitin or its derivative chitosan induced phosphorylation and activation, assayed by phosphorylation of the general kinase substrate MBP, of two P. patens MPKs within 1 min (Supplemental Figures 1A and 1C). These findings are in line with those of Lehtonen et al (2012Lehtonen et al ( , 2014 showing that chitosan triggers responses in P. patens including a ROS burst, defense transcript accumulation, and secretion of pathogen response proteins. In addition, these MPKs were rapidly phosphorylated in response to bacterial peptidyl glycans (PGNs; Supplemental Figure 1D), which have molecular patterns similar to chitin.…”

Section: Phosphorylation and Activation Of P Patens Mpks In Responsesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…To assess whether the levels of pathogen defense-related transcripts were altered in Dmpk4a, we measured the response to chitosan of five transcripts involved in defense against pathogens and/or are induced in response to chitosan in both Arabidopsis and P. patens: PAL4, CHS, ERF2, a-DOX, and LOX7 (Oliver et al, 2009;Lehtonen et al, 2012;Machado et al, 2015;Overdijk et al, 2016). Although the response to chitosan (Supplemental Figures 14A and 14B) is slower than to chitin ( Figure 4E), all these transcripts accumulated less in Dmpk4a compared with the wild type (Supplemental Figures 14A to 14E).…”

Section: Characterization Of Moss Mpk4a In Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P. patens responds to pathogens, including fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria, by activating defenses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell wall fortifications, hormonal perturbations, and expression of defenserelated genes (Lehtonen et al, 2012;Mittag et al, 2015;Oliver et al, 2009;Ponce de León et al, 2007. However, PTI components have not been identified in P. patens or other bryophytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

et al. 2016

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MAP kinase (MPK) cascades in Arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. Much less is known of MPK functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss Physcomitrella patens. Here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in P. patens required for immunity triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This pathway induces rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, cell wall depositions, and accumulation of defense-related transcripts. Two P. patens MPKs (MPK4a and MPK4b) are phosphorylated and activated in response to PAMPs. This activation in response to the fungal PAMP chitin requires a chitin receptor and one or more MAP kinase kinase kinases and MAP kinase kinases. Knockout lines of MPK4a appear wild type but have increased susceptibility to the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassisicola. Both PAMPs and osmotic stress activate some of the same MPKs in Arabidopsis. In contrast, abscisic acid treatment or osmotic stress of P. patens does not activate MPK4a or any other MPK, but activates at least one SnRK2 kinase. Signaling via MPK4a may therefore be specific to immunity, and the moss relies on other pathways to respond to osmotic stress.

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Section: Phosphorylation and Activation Of P Patens Mpks In Responsesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Characterization Of Moss Mpk4a In Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

et al. 2016

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“…Furthermore, P. patens is directly accessible to manipulations or diverse treatments because most of the tissues consist of single cell layers (phylloids) or filaments (protonema) that are able to take up water and nutrients over the whole surface. Therefore, P. patens is a suitable model plant to analyse phytohormone action (Decker et al, 2006) and responses to biotic (Lehtonen et al, 2012) as well as abiotic stresses (Frank et al, 2005).…”

Section: Moss Transgenesis 555mentioning

confidence: 99%

The moss Physcomitrella patens: methods and tools from cultivation to targeted analysis of gene function

Strotbek¹,

Krinninger²,

Frank³

2013

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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To comprehensively understand the major processes in plant biology, it is necessary to study a diverse set of species that represent the complexity of plants. This research will help to comprehend common conserved mechanisms and principles, as well as to elucidate those mechanisms that are specific to a particular plant clade. Thereby, we will gain knowledge about the invention and loss of mechanisms and their biological impact causing the distinct specifications throughout the plant kingdom. Since the establishment of transgenic plants, these studies concentrate on the elucidation of gene functions applying an increasing repertoire of molecular techniques. In the last two decades, the moss Physcomitrella patens joined the established set of plant models based on its evolutionary position bridging unicellular algae and vascular plants and a number of specific features alleviating gene function analysis. Here, we want to provide an overview of the specific features of P. patens making it an interesting model for many research fields in plant biology, to present the major achievements in P. patens genetic engineering, and to introduce common techniques to scientists who intend to use P. patens as a model in their research activities.

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“…2). Further evidence for peroxidases as a source of pathogen-induced ROIs emerged from a recent study in the moss Physcomitrella patens, where it was shown that Prx34 not only catalyzes ROI production but is also required for antifungal resistance (23). It must be noted that this peroxidase is unrelated to the previously mentioned Arabidopsis PRX33/34 (24) and the same gene nomenclature is purely coincidental.…”

Section: Prx34 (4)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Synthesis of Redox-Active Molecules and Their Signaling Functions During the Expression of Plant Disease Resistance

Skelly

Loake

2013

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

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Significance: Activation of immune responses in plants is associated with a parallel burst of both reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and nitric oxide (NO). The mechanisms by which these small redox-active molecules are synthesized and their signaling functions are critical for plants to defend themselves against pathogen infection. Recent Advances: The synthesis of apoplastic ROIs by plants after pathogen recognition has long been attributed to membrane-bound NAPDH oxidases. However, the emerging data suggest a role for other enzymes in various subcellular locations in ROI production after defense activation. It is becoming widely appreciated that NO exerts its biochemical function through the S-nitrosylation of reactive cysteine thiols on target proteins, constituting a key post-translational modification. Recent evidence suggests that S-nitrosylation of specific defense-related proteins regulates their activity. Critical Issues: The source(s) of NO production after pathogen recognition remain(s) poorly understood. Some NO synthesis can be attributed to the activity of nitrate reductase but to date, no nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been identified in higher plants. However, the signaling functions of S-nitrosylation are becoming more apparent and thus dissecting the molecular machinery underpinning this redox-based modification is vital to further our understanding of plant disease resistance. Future Directions: In addition to identifying new contributors to the oxidative burst, the discovery of an NOS in higher plants would significantly move the field forward. Since S-nitrosylation has now been confirmed to play various roles in immune signaling, this redox-based modification is a potential target to exploit for improving disease resistance in crop species. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 19,[990][991][992][993][994][995][996][997]

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Involvement of a Class III Peroxidase and the Mitochondrial Protein TSPO in Oxidative Burst Upon Treatment of Moss Plants with a Fungal Elicitor

Cited by 62 publications

References 56 publications

An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

The moss Physcomitrella patens: methods and tools from cultivation to targeted analysis of gene function

Synthesis of Redox-Active Molecules and Their Signaling Functions During the Expression of Plant Disease Resistance

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