Involvement of A2B adenosine receptors as anti-inflammatory in gestational diabesity

Nutrition and Metabolic Adaptations in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy: Focus on Obesity and Gestational Diabetes

“…Particularly, in normal pregnancies the equilibrium between the pro-and anti-inflammatory responses of the feto-placental cells is needed. In Gestational Diabesity, the pro-and antiinflammatory responses loss their equilibrium and the proinflammatory response predominates: increased levels of leptin and TNF-a, a state of hypoxia, abnormal oxidative stress, and enhanced ROS generation result in insulin resistance in the fetoplacental vasculature, while the reduced levels of adiponectin and IL-10 and increasing NO bioavailability are demonstrated in this tissue (93,96). This chronic low-grade inflammatory state, the increased insulin resistance and a vascular maladaptation as excessive vascular response to vasoconstrictors, in a context of early weight gain and high-calorie diet, can become the common pathogenetic substrate of diseases such as GDM and preeclampsia (97).…”

The amelioration of ulcerative colitis induced by Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid with Radix Hedysari

“…Clinically, drugs such as 5‐aminosalicylic acid and infliximab are used to manage UC due to their anti‐inflammatory capacities. It has been proven that these four components all have anti‐inflammatory activity (Cabalin, Villalobos‐Labra, Toledo, & Sobrevia, 2019; Dong et al., 2018; Dong, Yin, Zhang, Fu, & Lu, 2017; Lima Cavendish et al., 2015). Comparable with clinical drugs, the therapeutic effect of EE on UC is probably caused by the anti‐inflammatory activity of its active ingredients.…”

Gestational diabesity and foetoplacental vascular dysfunction

“…16 GDM has profound effects on the intra-uterine environment, modulating the metabolic rate in the mother and foetus. 8,[17][18][19] Pregnant women are diagnosed with GDM independent of their pre-pregnancy nutritional status. Thus, the group of women with GDM is heterogeneous, although most of the studies conducted with these patients have considered them as a single group.…”

“…This type of metabolic alteration has been recently referred to as 'gestational diabesity' (GDty), highlighting the possibility that this group may represent a subtype of women with GDM. 19,23 GDty is a condition comprising metabolic alterations found during maternal obesity (high amount of adipose tissue, high leptin, low adiponectin and increased inflammatory markers) together with the hallmarks of GDM (Figure 1). However, there are no reports addressing whether GDty may be considered a new clinical entity in human pregnancy.…”

“…adenosine, diabesity, diabetes, intracellular pH, obesity, placenta nucleoside adenosine via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENTs) family. 19,23 At the cellular level, GDty is associated with metabolic alterations, including endoplasmic reticulum stress increasing the protein abundance of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and the mRNA level of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in the adipose tissue 27 and skeletal muscle. 28 Another study showed that the intrinsic mechanisms by which GDty alters outcomes in new-born are similar in twin and singleton pregnancies.…”