Involvement of Bacteria Other Than Clostridium difficile in Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Larcombe, Sarah; Hutton, Melanie L.; Lyras, Dena

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.001

Cited by 102 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…and Candida spp (reviewed in 76 ). The majority of cases of AAD have not been linked to specific infectious agents with only 10–20% due to CDI and a much smaller contribution from the other known pathogens 76 (Box 1). …”

Section: Antibiotic-induced Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Silverman

Konnikova

Gerber

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

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Summary Antibiotics induce changes or dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. These antibiotic-induce changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Studies are beginning to unravel the contribution of specific groups of microbes to these diseases—most notably Gammaproteobacteria for NEC and bile acid- and carbohydrate-metabolizing microbes for AAD. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs when antibiotic treatment induces diarrhea by altering the metabolic function of the patient’s intestinal microbiota leading to either an osmotic or infectious diarrhea, most notably Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Antibiotic therapy impairs the host microbiota’s ability to resist colonization or expansion of pathogenic bacteria. In the case of CDI, there is growing evidence that microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism is critical in the pathogenesis of this infection. Probiotics or other microbiota-targeted therapies may provide effective strategies to prevent and treat NEC and AAD.

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Section: Antibiotic-induced Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Silverman

Konnikova

Gerber

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

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“…There is also evidence that proton inhibitors disrupt the host immune system that would ordinarily reduce the risk of CDI (Larcombe et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dissemination ofClostridium difficilein food and the environment: Significant sources ofC. difficilecommunity-acquired infection?

Warriner

Habash

et al. 2016

J Appl Microbiol

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Summary Clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen with over 300 000 cases reported in North America annually. Previously, it was thought that C. difficile was primarily a clinically associated infection. However, through the use of whole genome sequencing it has been revealed that the majority of cases are community acquired. The source of community‐acquired C. difficile infections (CDI) is open to debate with foodborne being one route considered. Clostridium difficile fits the criteria of a foodborne pathogen with respect to being commonly encountered in a diverse range of foods that includes meat, seafood and fresh produce. However, no foodborne illness outbreaks have been directly linked to C. difficile there is also no conclusive evidence that its spores can germinate in food matrices. This does not exclude food as a potential vehicle but it is likely that the pathogen is also acquired through zoonosis and the environment. The most significant factor that defines susceptibility to CDI is the host microbiome and functioning immune system. In this respect, effective control can be exercised by reducing the environmental burden of C. difficile along with boosting the host defences against the virulent enteric pathogen.

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“…Treatment for the diseases cannot involve the use of long-term antibiotics due to their negative effects. For example, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is caused by Clostridium or Staphylococcus aureus (15). Probiotics, including potentially beneficial bacteria, enter the guts of humans and other animals, where their beneficial qualities improve intestinal balance, modulate and stimulate immune function, produce inhibitory compounds, and compete for chemicals and adhesion sites (16, 17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis Improves Immunity and Disease Resistance in Rabbits

et al. 2017

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Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been successfully used to promote growth and prevent diseases. Previous reports have demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) was a potential probiotic for animals. In this research, 180 B. subtilis were isolated from the soil, identified, and investigated in vitro. Furthermore, five B. subtilis were selected and mixed to investigate their effect on growth performance, immune response, intestine microbiota, and disease resistance in rabbits. Rabbits with a diet of 106 CFU g−1 mixed B. subtilis exhibited the best growth performance and higher serum IgG and IgA than controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, dairy with B. subtilis can promote the balance of intestinal flora. The major proinflammatory factor and β-defensin were upregulated compared with the controls. After 7 weeks of feeding, the survival rate of the rabbits fed with B. subtilis was significantly higher than those in the control groups postinfected with Escherichia coli. At the same time, this study detected higher expression of β-defensin and reduced bacteria contents of the heart and cecal contents from the diet mixed with B. subtilis compared with the control groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilis for rabbits could improve growth performance, intestinal homeostasis, and immune organ index and enhance innate immune response as well as disease resistance. These findings showed that the induction of β-defensin by B. subtilis might be an interesting new therapeutic strategy to strengthen innate defense mechanisms.

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Involvement of Bacteria Other Than Clostridium difficile in Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Cited by 102 publications

References 102 publications

Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Dissemination ofClostridium difficilein food and the environment: Significant sources ofC. difficilecommunity-acquired infection?

Bacillus subtilis Improves Immunity and Disease Resistance in Rabbits

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