Involvement of Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 Sigma Factor K in Early-Stage Sporulation

Kirk, David; Dahlsten, Elias; Zhang, Zhen; Korkeala, Hannu; Lindström, Miia

doi:10.1128/aem.00304-12

Cited by 39 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, whether sigK expression peaks during mid-to late stationary phase in C. botulinum, as seen in C. acetobutylicum (21) and B. subtilis (65), is still unknown. Spore staining and microscopy analysis of the sigK mutant generated in C. botulinum ATCC 3052 showed that the mutant did not produce spores and that the cells exhibited an elongated phenotype (64). These images suggest that sporulation was blocked prior to stage II, as observed for the C. perfringens sigK mutant (63).…”

Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Surprisingly, disruption of sigK in C. difficile did not lead to the complete loss of sporulation, as 10 3 heat-resistant spores/ml were detected at 72 h (25,94). This finding is in stark contrast to the sigK mutants generated in B. subtilis, C. perfringens, C. botulinum, and C. acetobutylicum, all of which resulted in an asporogenous phenotype (37,63,64,66). TEM image analysis revealed that the C. difficile sigK mutant produced forespores with what appears to be a cortex layer, but no coat layer was observed (94) (Fig.…”

Section: K Has a Second Role Late In Sporulation As The Second Mothmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The involvement of K in early sporulation was also demonstrated in C. botulinum ATCC 3052 (64). Gene expression analysis by Q-RT-PCR showed that the levels of both spo0A and sigF transcripts were significantly downregulated in the sigK disruption mutant.…”

Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…3B). Moreover, the authors of that study examined the expression profile of sigK during late exponential and early stationary phases by Q-RT-PCR and observed that the sigK transcript is present in a relatively larger amount during late exponential phase than during early stationary phase (64). However, whether sigK expression peaks during mid-to late stationary phase in C. botulinum, as seen in C. acetobutylicum (21) and B. subtilis (65), is still unknown.…”

Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Al-Hinai

Jones

Papoutsakis

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

158

190

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SUMMARY Bacillus and Clostridium organisms initiate the sporulation process when unfavorable conditions are detected. The sporulation process is a carefully orchestrated cascade of events at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels involving a multitude of sigma factors, transcription factors, proteases, and phosphatases. Like Bacillus genomes, sequenced Clostridium genomes contain genes for all major sporulation-specific transcription and sigma factors ( spo0A , sigH , sigF , sigE , sigG , and sigK ) that orchestrate the sporulation program. However, recent studies have shown that there are substantial differences in the sporulation programs between the two genera as well as among different Clostridium species. First, in the absence of a Bacillus -like phosphorelay system, activation of Spo0A in Clostridium organisms is carried out by a number of orphan histidine kinases. Second, downstream of Spo0A, the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the canonical set of four sporulation-specific sigma factors (σ F , σ E , σ G , and σ K ) display different patterns, not only compared to Bacillus but also among Clostridium organisms. Finally, recent studies demonstrated that σ K , the last sigma factor to be activated according to the Bacillus subtilis model, is involved in the very early stages of sporulation in Clostridium acetobutylicum , C. perfringens , and C. botulinum as well as in the very late stages of spore maturation in C. acetobutylicum . Despite profound differences in initiation, propagation, and orchestration of expression of spore morphogenetic components, these findings demonstrate not only the robustness of the endospore sporulation program but also the plasticity of the program to generate different complex phenotypes, some apparently regulated at the epigenetic level.

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Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: K Has a Second Role Late In Sporulation As The Second Mothmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: K Is Activated Late In the Bacillus Model But Also Has A Surmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

Al-Hinai

Jones

Papoutsakis

2015

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

158

190

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“…The E protein in the C. perfringens sigK disruption mutant could not be detected by Western analysis, thus confirming that K is active upstream of E in the sporulation cascade (12). A sigK disruption mutant was also generated in Clostridium botulinum, and its sporulation was also blocked at an early stage (13). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis on the wild-type (WT) C. botulinum strain revealed that sigK expression was downregulated during early stationary phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

K of Clostridium acetobutylicum Is the First Known Sporulation-Specific Sigma Factor with Two Developmentally Separated Roles, One Early and One Late in Sporulation

Al-Hinai¹,

Jones²,

Papoutsakis³

2013

Journal of Bacteriology

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e Sporulation in the model endospore-forming organism Bacillus subtilis proceeds via the sequential and stage-specific activation of the sporulation-specific sigma factors, H (early), F , E , G , and K (late). Here we show that the Clostridium acetobutylicum K acts both early, prior to Spo0A expression, and late, past G activation, thus departing from the B. subtilis model. The C. acetobutylicum sigK deletion (⌬sigK) mutant was unable to sporulate, and solventogenesis, the characteristic stationary-phase phenomenon for this organism, was severely diminished. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the ⌬sigK mutant does not develop an asymmetric septum and produces no granulose. Complementation of sigK restored sporulation and solventogenesis to wild-type levels. Spo0A and G proteins were not detectable by Western analysis, while F protein levels were significantly reduced in the ⌬sigK mutant. spo0A, sigF, sigE, sigG, spoIIE, and adhE1 transcript levels were all downregulated in the ⌬sigK mutant, while those of the sigH transcript were unaffected during the exponential and transitional phases of culture. These data show that K is necessary for sporulation prior to spo0A expression. Plasmid-based expression of spo0A in the ⌬sigK mutant from a nonnative promoter restored solventogenesis and the production of Spo0A, F , E , and G , but not sporulation, which was blocked past the G stage of development, thus demonstrating that K is also necessary in late sporulation. sigK is expressed very early at low levels in exponential phase but is strongly upregulated during the middle to late stationary phase. This is the first sporulation-specific sigma factor shown to have two developmentally separated roles.

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Characteristics of the sigK Deletion Mutant from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Strain Bt-59

Han²,

Fan

et al. 2020

Curr Microbiol

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Involvement of Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 Sigma Factor K in Early-Stage Sporulation

Cited by 39 publications

References 40 publications

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

The Clostridium Sporulation Programs: Diversity and Preservation of Endospore Differentiation

K of Clostridium acetobutylicum Is the First Known Sporulation-Specific Sigma Factor with Two Developmentally Separated Roles, One Early and One Late in Sporulation

Characteristics of the sigK Deletion Mutant from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Strain Bt-59

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