Involvement of Epidermis Cell Proliferation in Defense Against Beauveria bassiana Infection

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana can infect many species of insects and is used as a biological pesticide world-wide. Before reaching the hemocoel, B. bassiana has to penetrate the integument which is composed of a thick chitin layer and epidermal cells. Some chitinase, protease and lipase secreted by B. bassiana are probably involved in the fungal penetration of the integument. While microscopic proof is needed, it is difficult to locate the precise infection sites following the traditional method of immersion infection. Consequently, we developed a new method to inoculate conidia solution into a single fixed-site on the back of one segment. This fixed-site infection method is pathogenic but it is also dose dependent. Using the fixed-site infection protocol, it is also very convenient to track hyphae inside the cuticle layer by light and transmission electron microscopy. The fact that few hyphae were detected inside the chitin layer after fixed-site infection with mutant ΔBPS8, a protease secreted during fungi germination, indicates that this method is suitable for screening genes involved in penetrating the integument in large scale. We also found that melanization occurs before new hyphae penetrate the chitin layer. Most importantly, we discovered that fungal infection can induce epidermal cell proliferation through DNA duplication and cell division, which is essential for the host to defend against fungal infection. Taken together the fixed-site infection method may be helpful to determine the mechanism of fungal and host interaction in the integument so as to effectively exert fungal biological virulence.

Infection of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi suppresses cellular immunity and activates humoral antibacterial immunity of the host Spodoptera frugiperda

“…Although immersion of early stage larvae into a conidial suspension is closer to natural infection, we cannot guarantee that conidia will enter the hemocoel of each larva. The critical roles of insect integument in defense against fungal infection have been characterized 33 . To facilitate the study, we injected blastospores into the hemocoel of late‐stage larvae.…”

“…The critical roles of insect integument in defense against fungal infection have been characterized. 33 To facilitate the study, we injected blastospores into the hemocoel of late-stage larvae. This method also provided us with sufficient hemocytes and plasma for assays of cellular and humoral immunity.…”