Involvement of Ethylene in Chlorophyll Degradation in Peel of Citrus Fruits

Purvis, Albert C.; Barmore, Charles R.

doi:10.1104/pp.68.4.854

Cited by 113 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The liberation of ethylene from ethephon in a solution or in vitro had clearly been shown earlier (27,29), and ethylene was liberated linearly up to 30 h as the pH of solution increased from 5.4 to 8.0 (27). This coincides with the fact that an exogenous application of ethylene to green plant materials induced a decrease in Chl content (17,19), and an inverse relation between the rapid senescence by Chl loss and an increased ethylene EFFECTS OF ETHEPHON ON AGING AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY evolution was also found (8). In light, the rapid loss ofChl shown (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Effects of Ethephon on Aging and Photosynthetic Activity in Isolated Chloroplasts

Choe¹,

Whang²

1986

Plant Physiol.

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Chloroplasts, isolated from the primary leaves of 7-day-old seedlings, were incubated in vitro at 256C with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) under light (0.16 milliwatts per square centimeter) and dark conditions. Ethephon at 1 micromolar (0.1445 ppm), 0.1 and 1 millimolar, or 5 microliters ethylene promoted the deterioration of chloroplasts, increased proteolysis, and reduced the chlorophyll content and PSI and PSII during 72 hours under,both light and dark conditions. The decline in PSI and PSII occurred prior to a measurable loss of chlorophyll. The loss of photosynthetic activity affected by ethephon was initiated prior to 12 hours of incubation. After 24 hours in light, 0.1 millimolar (1.445 ppm) epthephon significantly reduced PSI and PSII and promoted the total free amino acid liberation in isolated chlorophsts. In darkness the rate of loss of PSI activity was about 50%O of that in light. After 24 hours, in light at 1 millimolar epthephon, PSII activity was 55% of the control, yet nearly 90% of the chlorophyll remained, which indicates that the loss of thylakoid integrity was promoted by ethephon. Ethylene injected in the chloroplast medium at 5 microliters (0.22 micromolar per milliliter) reduced PSI by nearly 50% of the initial in 12 hours. In leaf sections floated in 5 microliters per milliliter suspension medium, a 36% loss of chlorophyll of the control in 36 hours was observed. Cycloheximide at 0.5 millimolar masked the effect of 1 millimolar ethephon and maintained the initial chlorophyll content during the 72 hour period.To promote maturity or color of apples, blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, pineapple, and tomatoes, foliar sprays of an ethephon solution ranging from 200 to 1000 actual ppm have been the recent field practice (24). Ethylene evolved from ethephon has been known to hasten maturity and the senescence phenomena in plant tissues. Ethylene released from ethephon promotes the loss of Chl (4, 18, 1-9), hydrolysis of polymers (12,14), climacteric rise in respiration-(1, 14), and early maturation or accelerated senescence (1,2,13 MATERIALS AND METHODSChloroplasts were isolated from oat (Avena sativa cv. 'Garry Spring') seedlings which were grown for 7 d in vermiculite at 25°C. Cool white fluorescent tubes provided light for 14 h/d at approximately 0.81 mW cm-2 at the plant level. A bundle of 10 g of apical 5-cm leaves were chilled, cut, surface sterilized, finely minced with a razor blade, and homogenized in a freshly prepared chilled isolation medium A (5). This medium A contained 30 mm Tes, 0.33 M sorbitol, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM sodium ascorbate, and 0.1% BSA fraction V and was adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1 N NaOH. Chloroplasts were aseptically isolated at 0 to 4°C from the homogenate as previously described (6)

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confidence: 82%

Effects of Ethephon on Aging and Photosynthetic Activity in Isolated Chloroplasts

Choe¹,

Whang²

1986

Plant Physiol.

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“…Ethylene was reported to play role in regulating the ripening of peel in citrus fruit (Goldschmidt et al 1993;Goldschmidt 1997). Ethylene stimulates respiration, chlorophyll breakdown and carotenoid accumulation (Stewart and Wheaton 1972;Purvis and Barmore 1981;Goldschmidt et al 1993;Goldschmidt 1997;Katz et al 2004). Further studies have shown that some genes (including chlorophyllase) were regulated by ethylene in citrus fruit (Alonso et al 1995;Jacob-Wilk et al 1999).…”

Section: Role For Ethylene In Ripening Of Non-climacteric Fruitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene—An overview

2011

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The process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. But, many fruits such as guava, melon, Japanese plum, Asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. Investigations on in planta levels of CO 2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such as strawberry, grapes and citrus. Non-climacteric fruits are also reported to respond to the exogenous application of ethylene. Comparative analysis of plant-attached and plant-detached fruits did not show similarity in their ripening behaviour. This disparity is being explained in view of 1. Hypothetical ripening inhibitor, 2. Differences in the production, release and endogenous levels of ethylene, 3. Sensitivity of fruits towards ethylene and 4. Variations in the gaseous microenvironment among fruits and their varieties. Detailed studies on genetic and inheritance patterns along with the application of '-omics' research indicated that ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent pathways coexist in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Auxin levels also interact with ethylene in regulating ripening. These findings therefore reveal that the classification of fruits based on climacteric rise and/or ethylene production status is not very distinct or perfect. However, presence of a characteristic rise in CO 2 levels and a burst in ethylene production in some non-climacteric fruits as well as the presence of system 2 of ethylene production point to a ubiquitous role for ethylene in fruit ripening.

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“…Citrus are classified as non-climacteric fruit; however, a role for ethylene during ripening, and in particular in chlorophyll breakdown during fruit color-break, is well established (Purvis and Barmore, 1981;Goldschmidt et al, 1993;Porat et al, 1999). Furthermore, the application of exogenous ethylene dramatically enhances the speed of color-break of detached mature green citrus fruit, which is a slow process for fruit left untreated on trees (Amir-Shapira et al, 1987;Iglesias et al, 2001).…”

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Citrus Chlorophyllase Dynamics at Ethylene-Induced Fruit Color-Break: A Study of Chlorophyllase Expression, Posttranslational Processing Kinetics, and in Situ Intracellular Localization

et al. 2008

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Fruit color-break is the visual manifestation of the developmentally regulated transition of chloroplasts to chromoplasts during fruit ripening and often involves biosynthesis of copious amounts of carotenoids concomitant with massive breakdown of chlorophyll. Regulation of chlorophyll breakdown at different physiological and developmental stages of the plant life cycle, particularly at fruit color-break, is still not well understood. Here, we present the dynamics of native chlorophyllase (Chlase) and chlorophyll breakdown in lemon (Citrus limon) fruit during ethylene-induced color-break. We show, using in situ immunofluorescence on ethylene-treated fruit peel (flavedo) tissue, that citrus Chlase is located in the plastid, in contrast to recent reports suggesting cytoplasmic localization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Chlases. At the intra-organellar level, Chlase signal was found to overlap mostly with chlorophyll fluorescence, suggesting association of most of the Chlase protein with the photosynthetic membranes. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that the kinetics of chlorophyll breakdown was not uniform in the flavedo cells. Chlorophyll quantity at the cellular level was negatively correlated with plastid Chlase accumulation; plastids with reduced chlorophyll content were found by in situ immunofluorescence to contain significant levels of Chlase, while plastids containing still-intact chlorophyll lacked any Chlase signal. Immunoblot and protein-mass spectrometry analyses were used to demonstrate that citrus Chlase initially accumulates as an approximately 35-kD precursor, which is subsequently N-terminally processed to approximately 33-kD mature forms by cleavage at either of three consecutive amino acid positions. Chlase plastid localization, expression kinetics, and the negative correlation with chlorophyll levels support the central role of the enzyme in chlorophyll breakdown during citrus fruit color-break.

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Involvement of Ethylene in Chlorophyll Degradation in Peel of Citrus Fruits

Cited by 113 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of Ethephon on Aging and Photosynthetic Activity in Isolated Chloroplasts

Effects of Ethephon on Aging and Photosynthetic Activity in Isolated Chloroplasts

The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene—An overview

Citrus Chlorophyllase Dynamics at Ethylene-Induced Fruit Color-Break: A Study of Chlorophyllase Expression, Posttranslational Processing Kinetics, and in Situ Intracellular Localization

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