Involvement of Glycogen in Morphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus

Jirjis, Raída; Moore, David

doi:10.1099/00221287-95-2-348

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…During the fruiting bodies or sclerotia formation, glycogen is transported from mycelium to newly-formed structures. It is broken down into glucose, and depleted along the maturation (25,26). Beta-glucan is reserved in aging multicellular structures, such as fruiting bodies and sclerotia (5,27,28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon metabolism and transcriptome in developmental paths differentiation of a homokaryotic Coprinopsis cinerea strain

Xie¹,

Chang²,

Kwan³

2020

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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The balance and interplay between sexual and asexual reproduction is one of the most attractive mysteries in fungi. The choice of developmental strategy reflects the ability of fungi to adapt to the changing environment. However, the evolution of developmental paths and the metabolic regulation during differentiation and morphogenesis are poorly understood.Here, we monitor the carbohydrate metabolism and gene expression regulation during the early differentiation process from the "fungal stem cell", vegetative mycelium, to the highly differentiated tissue/cells, fruiting body, oidia or sclerotia, of a homokaryotic fruiting Coprinopsis cinerea strain A43mut B43mut pab1-1 #326, uncovering the systematic changes during morphogenesis and the evolutionary process of developmental strategies. Conversion between glucose and glycogen and conversion between glucose and beta-glucan are the main carbon flows in the differentiation processes. Genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism are significantly differentially expressed among paths. RNA editing, a novel layer of gene expression regulation, occurs in all four developmental paths and enriched in ImportanceFungi is a group of species with high diversity and plays essential roles to the ecosystem. The life cycle of fungi is complex in structure and delicate in function. Choice of developmental strategies and internal changes within the organism are both important for the fungus to fulfill their ecological functions, reflecting the relationship between environment and the population. This study put the developmental process of vegetative growth, sexual and asexual reproduction, resistant structure formation of a classical model basidiomycetes fungus, C. cinerea, together for the first time to view the developmental paths differentiation process with physiology, transcriptomics and evolutionary prospects. Carbohydrate assays and RNA-seq showed the changes of the fungus. Our results fill the gaps on gene expression regulation during the early stage of developmental paths differentiation, and expand our understanding of the evolutionary process of life history and reproductive strategy in fungi.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon metabolism and transcriptome in developmental paths differentiation of a homokaryotic Coprinopsis cinerea strain

Xie¹,

Chang²,

Kwan³

2020

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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“…Development of sclerotia and often also chlamydospores correlates with the abundant occurrence of thick-walled inflated hyphal segments in the mycelial matting of older monokaryotic and dikaryotic cultures (262,294), and all these differentiations are believed to be related (262,507,510). Glycogen accumulates within the inflated hyphal cells and, if not relocated to the fruiting body (292,294), the polysaccharides seem to be transported to the sclerotia to build up the glycogen storage found in their internal inflated hyphae (190,338,342,510). Sclerotia of C. cinereus will germinate to give rise to a vegetative mycelium and do not serve in initiation of fruiting-body formation as in other basidiomycetes (335,338).…”

Section: Other Multicellular Structures: Sclerotia Mycelial Cords Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Kües

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

435

336

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SUMMARY Coprinus cinereus has two main types of mycelia, the asexual monokaryon and the sexual dikaryon, formed by fusion of compatible monokaryons. Syngamy (plasmogamy) and karyogamy are spatially and temporally separated, which is typical for basidiomycetous fungi. This property of the dikaryon enables an easy exchange of nuclear partners in further dikaryotic-monokaryotic and dikaryotic-dikaryotic mycelial fusions. Fruiting bodies normally develop on the dikaryon, and the cytological process of fruiting-body development has been described in its principles. Within the specialized basidia, present within the gills of the fruiting bodies, karyogamy occurs in a synchronized manner. It is directly followed by meiosis and by the production of the meiotic basidiospores. The synchrony of karyogamy and meiosis has made the fungus a classical object to study meiotic cytology and recombination. Several genes involved in these processes have been identified. Both monokaryons and dikaryons can form multicellular resting bodies (sclerotia) and different types of mitotic spores, the small uninucleate aerial oidia, and, within submerged mycelium, the large thick-walled chlamydospores. The decision about whether a structure will be formed is made on the basis of environmental signals (light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients). Of the intrinsic factors that control development, the products of the two mating type loci are most important. Mutant complementation and PCR approaches identified further genes which possibly link the two mating-type pathways with each other and with nutritional regulation, for example with the cAMP signaling pathway. Among genes specifically expressed within the fruiting body are those for two galectins, β-galactoside binding lectins that probably act in hyphal aggregation. These genes serve as molecular markers to study development in wild-type and mutant strains. The isolation of genes for potential non-DNA methyltransferases, needed for tissue formation within the fruiting body, promises the discovery of new signaling pathways, possibly involving secondary fungal metabolites.

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“…Sclerotia, like chlamydospores, are also dormancy structures produced by many fungi. Studies showed that genes linked to secondary metabolite production also control sclerotia production ( Jirjis and Moore, 1976 ; Willetts and Bullock, 1992 ; Kües, 2000 ; Georgiou et al, 2006 ; Bayram and Braus, 2012 ; Calvo and Cary, 2015 ; Song, 2018 ; Shu et al, 2019 ). For example, different members of the velvet protein family interact with each other and the non-velvet protein LaeA .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starch and sucrose metabolic pathways were mainly related to anabolism and catabolism of glycogen. In Coprinopsis cinerea , glycogen served as a carbon storage molecule, and was actively transformed between monomeric and polymeric forms during morphogenesis ( Jirjis and Moore, 1976 ). The gene encoding glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase is relevant to the process of glycogen decomposition, which transforms Udp-glucose into D-glucose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Trichoderma spp. are widely used biocontrol agents which are antagonistic to a variety of plant pathogens. Chlamydospores are a type of propagules produced by many fungi that have thick walls and are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Chlamydospore preparations of Trichoderma spp. can withstand various storage conditions, have a longer shelf life than conidial preparations and have better application potential. However, large-scale production of chlamydospores has proven difficult. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing chlamydospore formation (CF) in Trichoderma fungi, we performed a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome dynamics during CF across 8 different developmental time points, which were divided into 4 stages according to PCA analysis: the mycelium growth stage (S1), early and middle stage of CF (S2), flourishing stage of CF (S3), and late stage of CF and mycelia initial autolysis (S4). 2864, 3206, and 3630 DEGs were screened from S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2, and S4 vs S3, respectively. We then identified the pathways and genes that play important roles in each stage of CF by GO, KEGG, STC and WGCNA analysis. The results showed that DEGs in the S2 vs S1 were mainly enriched in organonitrogen compound metabolism, those in S3 vs S2 were mainly involved in secondary metabolite, cell cycle, and N-glycan biosynthesis, and DEGs in S4 vs S3 were mainly involved in lipid, glycogen, and chitin metabolic processes. We speculated that mycelial assimilation and absorption of exogenous nitrogen in the early growth stage (S1), resulted in subsequent nitrogen deficiency (S2). At the same time, secondary metabolites and active oxygen free radicals released during mycelial growth produced an adverse growth environment. The resulting nitrogen-deficient and toxin enriched medium may stimulate cell differentiation by initiating cell cycle regulation to induce morphological transformation of mycelia into chlamydospores. High expression of genes relating to glycogen, lipid, mannan, and chitin synthetic metabolic pathways during the flourishing (S3) and late stages (S4) of CF may be conducive to energy storage and cell wall construction in chlamydospores. For further verifying the functions of the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (tre00520) pathway in the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain, the chitin synthase gene (TRIVIDRAFT_90152), one key gene of the pathway, was deleted and resulted in the dysplasia of mycelia and an incapability to form normal chlamydospores, which illustrated the pathway affecting the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the genetics of biochemical pathways involved in CF of Trichoderma spp.

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Involvement of Glycogen in Morphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Carbon metabolism and transcriptome in developmental paths differentiation of a homokaryotic Coprinopsis cinerea strain

Carbon metabolism and transcriptome in developmental paths differentiation of a homokaryotic Coprinopsis cinerea strain

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8

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