Involvement of NF-κB in regulation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in porcine alveolar macrophages

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI induces cell death via attenuation of FAK through LFA-1

“…Further investigation is required to examine the interaction between ApxI and LFA-1 in order to demonstrate the ligand/receptor interaction. Our current and past studies consistently showed that the CD18 subunit mediated the ApxI-induced effects, including cell death and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, in porcine AMs 16,17 . Vanden Bergh et al also showed that the CD18 subunit of LFA-1 played a pivotal www.nature.com/scientificreports/ role in ApxIII-induced leukocytolysis 15 .…”

“…In addition, β 2 integrin plays an important role in Apx toxin-induced events. The CD18 subunit of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) results in ApxIII-induced cell death 15 , and CD18 mediates ApxI-induced activation of the p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-κB pathways for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines 16,17 . However, the current knowledge regarding how β 2 integrin interacts with Apx toxins and the signaling mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of Apx toxins is limited.β 2 integrins consist of α (CD11) and β 2 (CD18) subunits and are expressed primarily on leukocytes to mediate cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, survival, and proliferation 18 .…”

Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae through Duplex PCR Based on ApxIA and ApxIVA Genes

“…Due to the specificity of the ApxIVA gene to the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains, the detection assays based on this gene have been widely explored for the identification of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains (Schaller et al, 2001;Dreyfus et al, 2004;Turni and Blackall, 2007). Previous studies have reported that ApxI A may be the most virulent protein with the product in the strains could increase 100-fold of bacterial toxicity (Liu et al, 2009;Hsu et al, 2016;To et al, 2016). Shin et al (2011) studies have developed a useful ELISA for the detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on the Apx exotoxins (ApxIA, ApxII and ApxIIIA).…”

“…RTX toxins are the main factors of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae § These authors contributed equally to this work. virulence and the virulence level of each Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype may be directly related to the presence of Apx toxins (Park et al, 2009;Hsu et al, 2016;Hathroubi et al, 2017). ApxIA is a strongly hemolytic and cytotoxic 105-kDa protein (Frey, 1995;Liu et al, 2009;To et al, 2016).…”

Future use of c-jun n-terminal kinase inhibitors

“…У ряді досліджень було доведено, що селективний інгібітор редокс-чутливої кінази JNK SP600125 приводить до зниження продукції IL-8 мононуклеарними лейкоцитами в умовах окисного стресу in vitro [16]. В той же час слід зазначити, що SP600125 демонструє ефективність на культурах виділених клітин у дослідженнях in vitro, що не завжди вдається відтворити в умовах in vivo.…”