Involvement of Sirtuins and Klotho in Cardioprotective Effects of Exercise Training Against Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking-Induced Heart Dysfunction

Abstract

Despite its negative effect on the cardiovascular system, waterpipe smoking (WPS) is currently popular worldwide, especially among youth. This study investigated the effects of moderate endurance exercise on heart function of rats exposed to WPS and its possible mechanism. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: control group (CTL), the exercise group (Ex) which trained for 8 weeks, the waterpipe tobacco smoking group (S) exposed to smoke inhalation (30 min per day, 5 days each week, for 8 weeks), and the group that did exercise training and received waterpipe tobacco smoke inhalation together (Ex + S). One day after the last session of Ex and WPS, cardiac pressures and functional indices were recorded and calculated. The levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, Klotho, Bax, and Bcl-2 in the serum and heart, the expression of phosphorylated GSK3β of heart tissue, and cardiac histopathological changes were assessed. WPS reduced systolic pressure, +dP/dt max, -dP/dt max, and heart contractility indices (P < 0.001 vs. CTL) and increased cardiac tissue lesions (P < 0.05 vs. CTL) and end diastolic pressure and Tau index (P < 0.001 vs. CTL) of the left ventricle. Exercise training normalized the left ventricular end diastolic pressure, +dP/dt max, and contractility index. Also, exercise improved the levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, Klotho, and Bcl-2 and reduced Bax level in the heart. The findings showed that WPS causes left ventricular dysfunction. Moderate exercise prevented WPS-induced heart dysfunction partly through its anti-apoptotic features and activation of the sirtuins and Klotho pathways.

Sirtuins and cognition: implications for learning and memory in neurological disorders

“…Studies in elderly participants revealed that resistance PE training increases serum levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT5, and SIRT6 proteins after 12-weeks interventions (Hooshmand-Moghadam et al, 2020;Wasserfurth et al, 2021). Similarly, increased levels of SIRT3 and SIRT4 have been reported in many studies involving rats that underwent short-term (Lensu et al, 2019;Alavi et al, 2021;Heiat et al, 2021) and long-term PE (Nogueira-Ferreira et al, 2019). In sum, it seems clear that sirtuin regulation acts as one of the key mechanisms by which PE can improve cognitive functions, under both normal and pathological conditions.…”

Preventive aerobic training preserves sympathovagal function and improves DNA repair capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rats with cardiomyopathy

“…SIRT1 can also decrease the inflammation, modulating the redox-sensitive nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B), and enhance the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Catalase and Superoxide dismutase 77 , 78 . Exercise training increased the levels of SIRT1, SIRT3 and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in the heart, while the level of the proapoptotic protein Bax decreased 79 . Moreover, exercise training in humans can act on the body increasing the DNA repair capacity and antioxidant responses 26 .…”

The Effect of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking on Bone Healing Following Femoral Fractures in Male Rats

“…The tobacco smoke was blown into the chamber for 30 s, then the smoke valve was closed, and the fresh air inlet was opened for 30 s to clear the chamber. Finally, the animals were allowed to inhale fresh air for another 30 s. This cycle was repeated 20 times daily for a total of 30 min per day for 5 days a week for the WTS subgroups during the indicated period ( 22 – 24 ). During smoking, the level of CO concentration was maintained at 907 ± 108 ppm in the chamber using a Testo 310 measurement device (Testo Ltd., Lenzkirch, Germany) ( 23 ).…”

“…The stimulation of angiogenesis is one of the mechanisms of bone repair by PTH where, for example, PTH stimulates VEGF secretion in osteoblasts ( 21 , 22 ). Furthermore, PTH secretion has been shown to be significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers independently of vitamin D and calcium levels ( 24 ).…”