Iodine and thyroid gland with or without nuclear catastrophe

Abstract

Iodine, as a trace element, is a necessary and limiting substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine Metabolism. Three iodine molecules are added to make triiodothyronine, and four for thyroxine - the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency The proper daily amount of iodine is required for optimal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. It also decreases child survival, causes goiters, and impairs growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders in pregnant women cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications. Children with iodine deficiency disorders can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded, and incapable of normal movements, speech or hearing. Excessive Iodine Intake. Excessive iodine intake, which can trigger a utoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction. is on the other side. Iodine use in Case of Nuclear Catastrophe. In addition to other severe consuquences of radioactivity, high amount of radioactive iodine causes significant increase in incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma after some of the nuclear catastrophes (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Fukushima). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was increased mostly in children. This paper was aimed at clarifying some of the possibilities of prevention according to the recommendations given by the World Health Organization.

Radiation and Thyroid Cancer

“…Although classically considered resistant to acute effects of radiation [7], the thyroid has actually proved to be particularly sensitive to the long-term effects of radiation exposure as demonstrated in studies of human subjects exposed to sublethal radiation doses [8]. More epidemiological studies were performed.…”

Inherited variants in genes somatically mutated in thyroid cancer

“…Many individual and environmental factors have been considered as risk factors for TC. Indeed, thyroid gland seems to be an organ particularly vulnerable to ionizing radiation and the risk for TC in individuals exposed to radiation at young age persists throughout life [4,5]. Benign nodules/adenomas and goiter seem to have an important role in the predisposition to TC [6], as well as an inherited genetic susceptibility [7,8].…”

Joint application of hybrid iterative reconstruction and adaptive filters on neck‐and‐shoulder CT imaging: A clinical evaluation

“…An increase in radiation exposure leads to an enhanced risk of the incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma, especially in children. 6 As such, imposing a higher radiation dose to reduce streak artifacts for neck and shoulder, CT is not a practical option. 7 Algorithmic methods, that is, advanced reconstruction algorithms and software-based artifact correction algorithms for image reconstruction, have proven to be more effective than nonalgorithmic methods.…”

“…Unfortunately, thyroid glands in the neck are sensitive to ionizing radiation. An increase in radiation exposure leads to an enhanced risk of the incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma, especially in children 6 . As such, imposing a higher radiation dose to reduce streak artifacts for neck and shoulder, CT is not a practical option 7 …”