Iodine, bromine, and chlorine in the Hawaiian marine atmosphere

Duce, Robert A.; Winchester, John W.; Nahl, Theodore W. Van

doi:10.1029/jz070i008p01775

Cited by 220 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The abiotic production of methyl halides has been observed in organic rich soils through the reaction of Fe(III) with organic matter [Keppler et al, 2000], but this novel mechanism is not likely to be important here because these soils have relatively low organic carbon and water contents. However, the proximity of the Scripps Coastal Reserve to the influence of oceanic aerosols means that halides in the soils are abundant [Duce et al, 1965].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrubland fluxes of methyl bromide and methyl chloride

Rhew¹,

Miller²,

Vollmer³

et al. 2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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show a strong correlation, with a molar ratio of roughly 40:1, pointing to a similar mechanism of consumption. In contrast, the net production rates of these compounds show no apparent correlation with each other. The average observed net CH3Br uptake rates are an order of magnitude smaller than the previously reported average soil consumption rates assigned to shrublands. Extrapolations from our field measurements suggest that shrublands globally have a maximum net consumption of <1 Gg yr -• for CH3Br and <20 Gg yr -• for CH3C1 and may, in fact, be net sources for these compounds. Consequently, the measured net fluxes from shrubland ecosystems can account for part of the present imbalance in the CH3Br budget by adding a new source term and potentially reducing the soil sink term. These results also suggest that while shrubland soil consumption of CH3C1 may be small, soils in general may be a globally significant sink for CH3C1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrubland fluxes of methyl bromide and methyl chloride

Rhew¹,

Miller²,

Vollmer³

et al. 2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Analyses of numerous trace elements were completed, but the element of primary interest to this study is bromine. Bromine is a trace element common in marine water and is not supplied from terrigenous 47 sources (Duce et al, 1965, Fuge, 1988. Core 11 showed increases in bromine at 8-10 cm, 35-37 em, and 68-70 em below the sediment surface, indicating three marine water incursions (Figure 19).…”

Section: Biostratigravhymentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the Inundation Distance and Overtopping Height of Paleotsunami from the Late-Holocene Geologic Record at Open-Coastal Wetland Sites, Central Cascadia Margin

Schlichting¹

2000

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“…Aerosol and rain samples (HAW63 and HAW63-R) collected in Hawaii by Duce et al (1965) showed a systematic increase of EF with distance from the shore and height above the sea. In general, the farther the sampling location is from the sea surface, the more the aerosol composition deviates from sea water.…”

Section: Altitudinal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4. Duce et al (1965) suggested that bromine from automobile exhaust may also contribute to the atmospheric burden. This is especially true for a polluted atmosphere .…”

Section: Biomass Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

et al. 2003

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Abstract. The cycling of inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer (mbl) has received increased attention in recent years. Bromide, a constituent of sea water, is injected into the atmosphere in association with sea-salt aerosol by breaking waves on the ocean surface. Measurements reveal that supermicrometer sea-salt aerosol is substantially depleted in bromine (often exceeding 50%) relative to conservative tracers, whereas marine submicrometer aerosol is often enriched in bromine. Model calculations, laboratory studies, and field observations strongly suggest that the supermicrometer depletions reflect the chemical transformation of particulate bromide to reactive inorganic gases that influence the processing of ozone and other important constituents of marine air. Mechanisms for the submicrometer enrichments are not well understood. Currently available techniques cannot reliably quantify many Br-containing compounds at ambient concentrations and, consequently, our understanding of inorganic Br cycling over the oceans and its global significance are uncertain. To provide a more coherCorrespondence to: R. Sander (sander@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) ent framework for future research, we have reviewed measurements in marine aerosol, the gas phase, and in rain. We also summarize sources and sinks, as well as model and laboratory studies of chemical transformations. The focus is on inorganic bromine over the open oceans outside the polar regions. The generation of sea-salt aerosol at the ocean surface is the major tropospheric source producing about 6.2 Tg/a of bromide. The transport of Br from continents (as mineral aerosol, and as products from biomass-burning and fossil-fuel combustion) can be of local importance. Transport of degradation products of long-lived Br-containing compounds from the stratosphere and other sources contribute lesser amounts. Available evidence suggests that, following aerosol acidification, sea-salt bromide reacts to form Br 2 and BrCl that volatilize to the gas phase and photolyze in daylight to produce atomic Br and Cl. Subsequent transformations can destroy tropospheric ozone, oxidize dimethylsulfide (DMS) and hydrocarbons in the gas phase and S(IV) in aerosol solutions, and thereby potentially influence climate. Inorganic bromine in the mbl gas phase during daytime are consistent with expectations based on photochemistry. We expect that the importance of inorganic Br cycling will vary in the future as a function of both increasing acidification of the atmosphere (through anthropogenic emissions) and climate changes. The latter affects bromine cycling via meteorological factors including global wind fields (and the associated production of sea-salt aerosol), temperature, and relative humidity.

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Iodine, bromine, and chlorine in the Hawaiian marine atmosphere

Cited by 220 publications

References 27 publications

Shrubland fluxes of methyl bromide and methyl chloride

Shrubland fluxes of methyl bromide and methyl chloride

Establishing the Inundation Distance and Overtopping Height of Paleotsunami from the Late-Holocene Geologic Record at Open-Coastal Wetland Sites, Central Cascadia Margin

Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

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