Iodine concentration in cow’s milk and its relation with urinary iodine concentrations in the population☆

Soriguer, Federico; Gutiérrez-Repiso, Carolina; González-Romero, Stella; Olveira, Gabriel; Garriga, M.; Velasco, Inés; Santiago, Piedad; Escobar, Gabriella Morreale de; Garcı́a-Fuentes, Eduardo

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.07.001

Cited by 92 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Milk and dairy products are an important source of iodine; in fact, they now have a higher amount of iodine (25,26). An analysis of 45 brands of milk in Spain showed that the concentration of this trace element has doubled now (259 mg/l on average) compared with 20 years ago.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine intake and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents aged between 1 and 16 years

García-García

Vázquez-López

Garcı́a-Fuentes

et al. 2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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ObjectivesTo determine the status of iodine nutrition in children and adolescents in Almería, Spain. To calculate prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (TA) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) in pediatric ages and to research into associated factors.MethodsCross-sectional epidemiological study. By a multistage probability sampling 1387 children and adolescents aged between 1 and 16 were selected. Physical examination was carried out including neck palpation. Parents were asked about eating habits as well as about social and demographic aspects. Urinary iodine, free thyroxine, TSH, antiperoxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies were measured. TA was diagnosed when any antibody was positive and AT when autoimmunity was associated with impaired thyroid function or goitre. Results are shown using percentages (and its 95% confidence interval). To study associated factors we used multiple logistic regression, quantifying the relation with odds ratio (OR), and multiple lineal regression.ResultsMedian urinary iodine concentration was 199.5 μg/l. The prevalences of TA and AT were 3.7% (2.4–5.0) and 1.4% (0.4–2.4). TA is associated with female sex (OR 2.78;P<0.001) and age (OR 1.30;P<0.001). Iodine status is associated with the intake of milk and dairy product (P<0.001) and vegetable (P=0.021) but not with use of iodized salt at home (P=0.1).ConclusionsThe iodine supply in children and adolescents in our city is optimal. Milk and dairy products are the most important iodine sources. TA and AT are prevalent in pediatric ages in our city mainly in females and older subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine intake and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents aged between 1 and 16 years

García-García

Vázquez-López

Garcı́a-Fuentes

et al. 2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…It is also important to ensure an adequate supply of iodine during pregnancy for many reasons including optimizing the fetal thyroid stores, which are required for its normal start of function at 20 weeks, gestation (13,97). It has been unequivocally demonstrated that a good nutritional status of iodine, related to iodized salt, bread, and milk consumption over prolonged periods before pregnancy, can reduce the risk of TD during gestation (98,99). In populations with known iodine deficiency, supplementation with a minimum of 150-200 mg of iodine during pregnancy and lactation ensures the recommended intake is achieved.…”

Section: How and When Should All This Be Done?mentioning

confidence: 99%

CONTROVERSIES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: On the need for universal thyroid screening in pregnant women

Vila

Velasco

González

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

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There is a well-known controversy among scientific societies regarding the recommendation to screen for thyroid dysfunction (TD) during pregnancy. Although several studies have shown an association between maternal subclinical hypothyroidism and/or hypothyroxinemia with obstetric problems and/or neurocognitive impairment in the offspring, there is only limited evidence on the possible positive effects of thyroxine (T 4 ) treatment in such cases. Despite the scarcity of this evidence, there is a widespread agreement among clinicians on the need for treatment of clinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy and the risks that could arise due to therapeutic abstention. As maternal TD is a quite prevalent condition, easily diagnosed and for which an effective and safe treatment is available, some scientific societies have proposed to assess thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy and ideally before week 10 of gestational age. Given the physiologic changes of thyroid function during pregnancy, hormone assessment should be performed using trimester-specific reference values ideally based on locally generated data as geographic variations have been detected. Screening of TD should be based on an initial determination of TSH performed early during the first trimester and only if abnormal should it be followed by either a free or total T 4 measurement. Furthermore, adequate iodine supplementation during pregnancy is critical and if feasible it should be initiated before the woman attempts to conceive.

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“…In two Spanish cross-sectional studies reported in Soriguer et al (2011), urinary iodine concentrations in 757 children aged 4 to 16 years and 1 205 children aged 10.8 ± 3 years were significantly associated with the frequency of cow's milk consumption.…”

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

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Iodine concentration in cow’s milk and its relation with urinary iodine concentrations in the population☆

Cited by 92 publications

References 19 publications

Iodine intake and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents aged between 1 and 16 years

Iodine intake and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents aged between 1 and 16 years

CONTROVERSIES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: On the need for universal thyroid screening in pregnant women

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

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